chore: checkpoint before Python removal

vendor/zerotrie/.cargo-checksum.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"files":{".cargo_vcs_info.json":"e95d3df71480085b0d60cb0121e869c023259ad73cc13d707248cd99468483d2","Cargo.lock":"8b1744764722e5f57fb49907b9546885d49f93bc017700f2b074093095672bb3","Cargo.toml":"d446611694d0081007eb0c98ca3aceb5d11c4ff4abad72e540d5548c16e1586b","Cargo.toml.orig":"f1fe4cb435d65841903f7c22c340eee8f72e62d0a339e682316d460b067c35c3","LICENSE":"f367c1b8e1aa262435251e442901da4607b4650e0e63a026f5044473ecfb90f2","README.md":"21c5a3a4999c937473283001d787b27b7f92942a4cc9df99e63466346205e777","benches/overview.rs":"f1207ef0c53c743fbf61e1ba886dda70cdba338fb357e1f61ca9285cc6c5f49e","examples/first_weekday_for_region.rs":"2ee02fb39378be77ea897172c47e7cb2749a5a127a4efae101b30e6bb762ddfb","src/builder/branch_meta.rs":"31b306f321f10655a2efc2e395a2a65e6df6da8b1b71963772ef4407061a7eda","src/builder/bytestr.rs":"8c9040bbf4f5068d837dca6b1cac0323858fa3d87cb00fff2e14453bfc3e9d8b","src/builder/konst/builder.rs":"4c833abce8d9b95359f05f1de4435e97b351c9258f11114e8817c1d405bbb32f","src/builder/konst/mod.rs":"160d6d2b0da65101e87371aadcf30aaa96f5851a58a23794b11d596f384b635c","src/builder/konst/store.rs":"c8405e646a960227765148e4bc9b3e5bdca7d6854cf7ec9897e53408cbd6370d","src/builder/litemap.rs":"7c9b2f5012a4b5925795a3b6cfba6f97e653d13d506636a10ae7dea33ef8f36f","src/builder/mod.rs":"d30f23f5e328adadc3fad0dc09ebbb1eb143d78e9c36a52d48a2da8c77813775","src/builder/nonconst/builder.rs":"76b0bb1d3087d9a28e44196d31314033104d49ac5a27bfe38ea613ea1f4f68c2","src/builder/nonconst/mod.rs":"9f02f6a7ad30458d056568399b8640ce8332cedd8f88649b9c4e60254ba025a2","src/builder/nonconst/store.rs":"bb7e7a7f7b4d550da82e9c76f898474f6c1e7dd1b3e41b333c67ebed53ca1708","src/byte_phf/builder.rs":"1584d145ef10d0a5e295e35d351dc2bf2be0f5699b477d6d4b73f25a5407e1c3","src/byte_phf/cached_owned.rs":"2999ced75fba7aa8685fb1b1ee4c1dd47b6e36b55c9d5d6a10ed3aebc5a54b6b","src/byte_phf/mod.rs":"7b204592135e883804376c91cc235aafff7bbf2b1206ae47c4f98bae48234d0c","src/cursor.rs":"20fa25ce0a6aa49795db86d839fac764bcc998e701399f8bc5fefd107d739534","src/error.rs":"487cb8807ee4fecffa0bc4c87ad94eb9b609590a2af3c98df548e6cad1dd18d8","src/helpers.rs":"01bef8c1e2d6aaa1aec6b5ab34d1b42aef78e070c87425f6a6481d1a4c487acd","src/lib.rs":"e5e117f16aeb4e494f494834505e7d454f2ebf10a8400b1bcf6d18deb60e0866","src/options.rs":"aa980fa7c58a10cf128151d15f1a6186a356ce9aba9c75c02108ca268680fdc4","src/reader.rs":"50538ff8733a6780a12bd6b79290a5f461e86a0047848f9f1ee930f1d4b15ccc","src/serde.rs":"1bc0468844b6b51100dec2b4087afe3e202e7d7a5867b054a9244c19e3f42759","src/varint.rs":"db9b4d741622b464568a1c04b15b67a8b7c8676b306ae83726678bb9381806c3","src/zerotrie.rs":"4baa681caf321b42738e535c0b33384eefc40940e0d80073c1da41a2ef6ef64b","tests/asciitrie_test.rs":"8c7779de93c28e55eed3224b53b1089b3d995c55206eba567f9064de4de7c535","tests/builder_test.rs":"916143542d4086e97b8a10243671cba50ad2daca7cbe9ecb7db89420dae5f033","tests/data/data.rs":"f8a7afcf64e8bd0f902a1d2eb829deb96c0a0fddd78f0aa80657764a91460515","tests/derive_test.rs":"3b6f86d6a460e2f8179158d0dc149923a0b06d81b7d841ff091d7d9fd46ace06","tests/ignorecase_test.rs":"28dce3e892ddf0b2ccf254b60e0d915872d74b9eab0f80522d4e7e7fefbbdc7e","tests/locale_aux_test.rs":"14bc496ba210f289b1ea9cfee2ae6be47c279f65062505dd53cd1a7acce58fba"},"package":"2a59c17a5562d507e4b54960e8569ebee33bee890c70aa3fe7b97e85a9fd7851"}

vendor/zerotrie/.cargo_vcs_info.json

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "git": {
+    "sha1": "29dfe2790b6cfdab94ca6a6b69f58ce54802dbf7",
+    "dirty": true
+  },
+  "path_in_vcs": "utils/zerotrie"
+}

vendor/zerotrie/Cargo.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 3
+
+[[package]]
+name = "databake"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ff6ee9e2d2afb173bcdeee45934c89ec341ab26f91c9933774fc15c2b58f83ef"
+dependencies = [
+ "databake-derive",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "databake-derive"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6834770958c7b84223607e49758ec0dde273c4df915e734aad50f62968a4c134"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+ "synstructure",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "displaydoc"
+version = "0.2.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "97369cbbc041bc366949bc74d34658d6cda5621039731c6310521892a3a20ae0"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "litemap"
+version = "0.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6373607a59f0be73a39b6fe456b8192fcc3585f602af20751600e974dd455e77"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde_core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "proc-macro2"
+version = "1.0.103"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5ee95bc4ef87b8d5ba32e8b7714ccc834865276eab0aed5c9958d00ec45f49e8"
+dependencies = [
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "quote"
+version = "1.0.41"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ce25767e7b499d1b604768e7cde645d14cc8584231ea6b295e9c9eb22c02e1d1"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "serde"
+version = "1.0.228"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9a8e94ea7f378bd32cbbd37198a4a91436180c5bb472411e48b5ec2e2124ae9e"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde_core",
+ "serde_derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "serde_core"
+version = "1.0.228"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "41d385c7d4ca58e59fc732af25c3983b67ac852c1a25000afe1175de458b67ad"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde_derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "serde_derive"
+version = "1.0.228"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d540f220d3187173da220f885ab66608367b6574e925011a9353e4badda91d79"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "stable_deref_trait"
+version = "1.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6ce2be8dc25455e1f91df71bfa12ad37d7af1092ae736f3a6cd0e37bc7810596"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "syn"
+version = "2.0.108"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "da58917d35242480a05c2897064da0a80589a2a0476c9a3f2fdc83b53502e917"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "synstructure"
+version = "0.13.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "728a70f3dbaf5bab7f0c4b1ac8d7ae5ea60a4b5549c8a5914361c99147a709d2"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-ident"
+version = "1.0.20"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "462eeb75aeb73aea900253ce739c8e18a67423fadf006037cd3ff27e82748a06"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "yoke"
+version = "0.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "72d6e5c6afb84d73944e5cedb052c4680d5657337201555f9f2a16b7406d4954"
+dependencies = [
+ "stable_deref_trait",
+ "yoke-derive",
+ "zerofrom",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "yoke-derive"
+version = "0.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b659052874eb698efe5b9e8cf382204678a0086ebf46982b79d6ca3182927e5d"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+ "synstructure",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerofrom"
+version = "0.1.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "50cc42e0333e05660c3587f3bf9d0478688e15d870fab3346451ce7f8c9fbea5"
+dependencies = [
+ "zerofrom-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerofrom-derive"
+version = "0.1.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d71e5d6e06ab090c67b5e44993ec16b72dcbaabc526db883a360057678b48502"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+ "synstructure",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerotrie"
+version = "0.2.3"
+dependencies = [
+ "databake",
+ "displaydoc",
+ "litemap",
+ "serde_core",
+ "yoke",
+ "zerofrom",
+ "zerovec",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerovec"
+version = "0.11.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6c28719294829477f525be0186d13efa9a3c602f7ec202ca9e353d310fb9a002"
+dependencies = [
+ "databake",
+ "serde",
+ "zerofrom",
+]

vendor/zerotrie/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+# THIS FILE IS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY CARGO
+#
+# When uploading crates to the registry Cargo will automatically
+# "normalize" Cargo.toml files for maximal compatibility
+# with all versions of Cargo and also rewrite `path` dependencies
+# to registry (e.g., crates.io) dependencies.
+#
+# If you are reading this file be aware that the original Cargo.toml
+# will likely look very different (and much more reasonable).
+# See Cargo.toml.orig for the original contents.
+
+[package]
+edition = "2021"
+rust-version = "1.82"
+name = "zerotrie"
+version = "0.2.3"
+authors = ["The ICU4X Project Developers"]
+build = false
+include = [
+    "data/**/*",
+    "src/**/*",
+    "examples/**/*",
+    "benches/**/*",
+    "tests/**/*",
+    "Cargo.toml",
+    "LICENSE",
+    "README.md",
+    "build.rs",
+]
+autolib = false
+autobins = false
+autoexamples = false
+autotests = false
+autobenches = false
+description = "A data structure that efficiently maps strings to integers"
+homepage = "https://icu4x.unicode.org"
+readme = "README.md"
+categories = ["internationalization"]
+license = "Unicode-3.0"
+repository = "https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x"
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+all-features = true
+
+[features]
+alloc = []
+databake = [
+    "dep:databake",
+    "zerovec?/databake",
+]
+default = []
+litemap = [
+    "dep:litemap",
+    "alloc",
+]
+serde = [
+    "dep:serde_core",
+    "dep:litemap",
+    "alloc",
+    "litemap/serde",
+    "zerovec?/serde",
+]
+yoke = ["dep:yoke"]
+zerofrom = ["dep:zerofrom"]
+
+[lib]
+name = "zerotrie"
+path = "src/lib.rs"
+bench = false
+
+[[example]]
+name = "first_weekday_for_region"
+path = "examples/first_weekday_for_region.rs"
+
+[[test]]
+name = "asciitrie_test"
+path = "tests/asciitrie_test.rs"
+required-features = [
+    "alloc",
+    "litemap",
+]
+
+[[test]]
+name = "builder_test"
+path = "tests/builder_test.rs"
+required-features = [
+    "alloc",
+    "litemap",
+]
+
+[[test]]
+name = "derive_test"
+path = "tests/derive_test.rs"
+
+[[test]]
+name = "ignorecase_test"
+path = "tests/ignorecase_test.rs"
+
+[[test]]
+name = "locale_aux_test"
+path = "tests/locale_aux_test.rs"
+required-features = [
+    "alloc",
+    "litemap",
+]
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "overview"
+path = "benches/overview.rs"
+harness = false
+required-features = [
+    "alloc",
+    "litemap",
+]
+
+[dependencies.databake]
+version = "0.2.0"
+features = ["derive"]
+optional = true
+default-features = false
+
+[dependencies.displaydoc]
+version = "0.2.3"
+default-features = false
+
+[dependencies.litemap]
+version = "0.8.0"
+features = ["alloc"]
+optional = true
+default-features = false
+
+[dependencies.serde_core]
+version = "1.0.220"
+optional = true
+default-features = false
+
+[dependencies.yoke]
+version = "0.8.0"
+features = ["derive"]
+optional = true
+default-features = false
+
+[dependencies.zerofrom]
+version = "0.1.3"
+optional = true
+default-features = false
+
+[dependencies.zerovec]
+version = "0.11.3"
+optional = true
+default-features = false

vendor/zerotrie/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+UNICODE LICENSE V3
+
+COPYRIGHT AND PERMISSION NOTICE
+
+Copyright © 2020-2024 Unicode, Inc.
+
+NOTICE TO USER: Carefully read the following legal agreement. BY
+DOWNLOADING, INSTALLING, COPYING OR OTHERWISE USING DATA FILES, AND/OR
+SOFTWARE, YOU UNEQUIVOCALLY ACCEPT, AND AGREE TO BE BOUND BY, ALL OF THE
+TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE, DO NOT
+DOWNLOAD, INSTALL, COPY, DISTRIBUTE OR USE THE DATA FILES OR SOFTWARE.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+copy of data files and any associated documentation (the "Data Files") or
+software and any associated documentation (the "Software") to deal in the
+Data Files or Software without restriction, including without limitation
+the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, and/or sell
+copies of the Data Files or Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+Data Files or Software are furnished to do so, provided that either (a)
+this copyright and permission notice appear with all copies of the Data
+Files or Software, or (b) this copyright and permission notice appear in
+associated Documentation.
+
+THE DATA FILES AND SOFTWARE ARE PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY
+KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OF
+THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
+
+IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR HOLDERS INCLUDED IN THIS NOTICE
+BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, OR ANY SPECIAL INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES,
+OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS,
+WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION,
+ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA
+FILES OR SOFTWARE.
+
+Except as contained in this notice, the name of a copyright holder shall
+not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other
+dealings in these Data Files or Software without prior written
+authorization of the copyright holder.
+
+SPDX-License-Identifier: Unicode-3.0
+
+—
+
+Portions of ICU4X may have been adapted from ICU4C and/or ICU4J.
+ICU 1.8.1 to ICU 57.1 © 1995-2016 International Business Machines Corporation and others.

vendor/zerotrie/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# zerotrie [![crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/zerotrie)](https://crates.io/crates/zerotrie)
+
+<!-- cargo-rdme start -->
+
+A data structure offering zero-copy storage and retrieval of byte strings, with a focus
+on the efficient storage of ASCII strings. Strings are mapped to `usize` values.
+
+[`ZeroTrie`] does not support mutation because doing so would require recomputing the entire
+data structure. Instead, it supports conversion to and from [`LiteMap`] and [`BTreeMap`].
+
+There are multiple variants of [`ZeroTrie`] optimized for different use cases.
+
+## Examples
+
+```rust
+use zerotrie::ZeroTrie;
+
+let data: &[(&str, usize)] = &[("abc", 11), ("xyz", 22), ("axyb", 33)];
+
+let trie: ZeroTrie<Vec<u8>> = data.iter().copied().collect();
+
+assert_eq!(trie.get("axyb"), Some(33));
+assert_eq!(trie.byte_len(), 18);
+```
+
+## Internal Structure
+
+To read about the internal structure of [`ZeroTrie`], build the docs with private modules:
+
+```bash
+cargo doc --document-private-items --all-features --no-deps --open
+```
+
+[`LiteMap`]: litemap::LiteMap
+[`BTreeMap`]: alloc::collections::BTreeMap
+
+<!-- cargo-rdme end -->
+
+## More Information
+
+For more information on development, authorship, contributing etc. please visit [`ICU4X home page`](https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x).

vendor/zerotrie/benches/overview.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+use criterion::{black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
+use litemap::LiteMap;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use zerotrie::ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity;
+use zerotrie::ZeroTriePerfectHash;
+use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+use zerovec::ZeroHashMap;
+use zerovec::ZeroMap;
+
+mod testdata {
+    include!("../tests/data/data.rs");
+}
+
+fn get_basic_bench(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut g = c.benchmark_group("get/basic");
+
+    // NOTE: All the trie data are the same for basic data
+    let trie = testdata::basic::TRIE_ASCII;
+    let data = testdata::basic::DATA_ASCII;
+
+    g.bench_function("SimpleAscii", |b| {
+        let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_bytes(trie);
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (key, expected) in black_box(data) {
+                let actual = black_box(&trie).get(key);
+                assert_eq!(Some(*expected), actual);
+            }
+        });
+    });
+
+    g.bench_function("PerfectHash", |b| {
+        let trie = ZeroTriePerfectHash::from_bytes(trie);
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (key, expected) in black_box(data) {
+                let actual = black_box(&trie).get(key);
+                assert_eq!(Some(*expected), actual);
+            }
+        });
+    });
+
+    g.bench_function("ExtendedCapacity", |b| {
+        let trie = ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity::from_bytes(trie);
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (key, expected) in black_box(data) {
+                let actual = black_box(&trie).get(key);
+                assert_eq!(Some(*expected), actual);
+            }
+        });
+    });
+
+    g.bench_function("ZeroMap/u32", |b| {
+        let zm: ZeroMap<[u8], u32> = data.iter().map(|(a, b)| (*a, *b as u32)).collect();
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (key, expected) in black_box(data) {
+                let actual = black_box(&zm).get_copied(key);
+                assert_eq!(Some(*expected as u32), actual);
+            }
+        });
+    });
+
+    g.bench_function("ZeroMap/u8", |b| {
+        let zm: ZeroMap<[u8], u8> = data.iter().map(|(k, v)| (*k, *v as u8)).collect();
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (key, expected) in black_box(data) {
+                let actual = black_box(&zm).get_copied(key);
+                assert_eq!(Some(*expected as u8), actual);
+            }
+        });
+    });
+
+    g.bench_function("HashMap", |b| {
+        let hm: HashMap<&[u8], usize> = data.iter().copied().collect();
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (key, expected) in black_box(data) {
+                let actual = black_box(&hm).get(key);
+                assert_eq!(Some(expected), actual);
+            }
+        });
+    });
+
+    g.bench_function("ZeroHashMap/u8", |b| {
+        let zhm: ZeroHashMap<[u8], u8> = data.iter().map(|(k, v)| (*k, *v as u8)).collect();
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (key, expected) in black_box(data) {
+                let actual = black_box(&zhm).get(key).copied();
+                assert_eq!(Some(*expected as u8), actual);
+            }
+        });
+    });
+}
+
+fn get_subtags_bench_medium(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let g = c.benchmark_group("get/subtags_10pct");
+
+    let strings = testdata::short_subtags_10pct::STRINGS;
+    let litemap = testdata::strings_to_litemap(strings);
+
+    get_subtags_bench_helper(g, strings, litemap);
+}
+
+fn get_subtags_bench_large(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let g = c.benchmark_group("get/subtags_full");
+
+    let strings = testdata::short_subtags::STRINGS;
+    let litemap = testdata::strings_to_litemap(strings);
+
+    get_subtags_bench_helper(g, strings, litemap);
+}
+
+fn get_subtags_bench_helper<M: criterion::measurement::Measurement>(
+    mut g: criterion::BenchmarkGroup<M>,
+    strings: &[&str],
+    litemap: LiteMap<&[u8], usize>,
+) {
+    g.bench_function("SimpleAscii", |b| {
+        let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from(&litemap).unwrap();
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (i, key) in black_box(strings).iter().enumerate() {
+                let actual = black_box(&trie).get(key);
+                assert_eq!(Some(i), actual);
+            }
+        });
+    });
+
+    g.bench_function("PerfectHash", |b| {
+        let trie = ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from(&litemap).unwrap();
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (i, key) in black_box(strings).iter().enumerate() {
+                let actual = black_box(&trie).get(key);
+                assert_eq!(Some(i), actual);
+            }
+        });
+    });
+
+    g.bench_function("ExtendedCapacity", |b| {
+        let trie = ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity::try_from(&litemap).unwrap();
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (i, key) in black_box(strings).iter().enumerate() {
+                let actual = black_box(&trie).get(key);
+                assert_eq!(Some(i), actual);
+            }
+        });
+    });
+
+    g.bench_function("ZeroMap/u32", |b| {
+        let zm: ZeroMap<[u8], u32> = litemap.iter().map(|(a, b)| (*a, *b as u32)).collect();
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (i, key) in black_box(strings).iter().enumerate() {
+                let actual = black_box(&zm).get_copied(key.as_bytes());
+                assert_eq!(Some(i as u32), actual);
+            }
+        });
+    });
+
+    g.bench_function("ZeroMap/u8", |b| {
+        let zm: ZeroMap<[u8], u8> = litemap.iter().map(|(k, v)| (*k, *v as u8)).collect();
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (i, key) in black_box(strings).iter().enumerate() {
+                let actual = black_box(&zm).get_copied(key.as_bytes());
+                assert_eq!(Some(i as u8), actual);
+            }
+        });
+    });
+
+    g.bench_function("HashMap", |b| {
+        let hm: HashMap<&[u8], u32> = litemap.iter().map(|(a, b)| (*a, *b as u32)).collect();
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (i, key) in black_box(strings).iter().enumerate() {
+                let actual = black_box(&hm).get(key.as_bytes());
+                assert_eq!(Some(i as u32), actual.copied());
+            }
+        });
+    });
+
+    g.bench_function("ZeroHashMap/u8", |b| {
+        let zhm: ZeroHashMap<[u8], u8> = litemap.iter().map(|(k, v)| (*k, *v as u8)).collect();
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (i, key) in black_box(strings).iter().enumerate() {
+                let actual = black_box(&zhm).get(key.as_bytes()).copied();
+                assert_eq!(Some(i as u8), actual);
+            }
+        });
+    });
+
+    g.finish();
+}
+
+criterion_group!(
+    benches,
+    get_basic_bench,
+    get_subtags_bench_medium,
+    get_subtags_bench_large
+);
+criterion_main!(benches);

vendor/zerotrie/examples/first_weekday_for_region.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+// This example demonstrates the use of ZeroTrieSimpleAscii to look up data based on a region code.
+
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+#![no_main] // https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/issues/395
+icu_benchmark_macros::instrument!();
+
+use zerotrie::ZeroTriePerfectHash;
+use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+
+mod weekday {
+    pub const MON: usize = 1;
+    pub const FRI: usize = 5;
+    pub const SAT: usize = 6;
+    pub const SUN: usize = 7;
+}
+
+// This data originated from CLDR 41.
+static DATA: &[(&str, usize)] = &[
+    ("001", weekday::MON),
+    ("AD", weekday::MON),
+    ("AE", weekday::SAT),
+    ("AF", weekday::SAT),
+    ("AG", weekday::SUN),
+    ("AI", weekday::MON),
+    ("AL", weekday::MON),
+    ("AM", weekday::MON),
+    ("AN", weekday::MON),
+    ("AR", weekday::MON),
+    ("AS", weekday::SUN),
+    ("AT", weekday::MON),
+    ("AU", weekday::MON),
+    ("AX", weekday::MON),
+    ("AZ", weekday::MON),
+    ("BA", weekday::MON),
+    ("BD", weekday::SUN),
+    ("BE", weekday::MON),
+    ("BG", weekday::MON),
+    ("BH", weekday::SAT),
+    ("BM", weekday::MON),
+    ("BN", weekday::MON),
+    ("BR", weekday::SUN),
+    ("BS", weekday::SUN),
+    ("BT", weekday::SUN),
+    ("BW", weekday::SUN),
+    ("BY", weekday::MON),
+    ("BZ", weekday::SUN),
+    ("CA", weekday::SUN),
+    ("CH", weekday::MON),
+    ("CL", weekday::MON),
+    ("CM", weekday::MON),
+    ("CN", weekday::SUN),
+    ("CO", weekday::SUN),
+    ("CR", weekday::MON),
+    ("CY", weekday::MON),
+    ("CZ", weekday::MON),
+    ("DE", weekday::MON),
+    ("DJ", weekday::SAT),
+    ("DK", weekday::MON),
+    ("DM", weekday::SUN),
+    ("DO", weekday::SUN),
+    ("DZ", weekday::SAT),
+    ("EC", weekday::MON),
+    ("EE", weekday::MON),
+    ("EG", weekday::SAT),
+    ("ES", weekday::MON),
+    ("ET", weekday::SUN),
+    ("FI", weekday::MON),
+    ("FJ", weekday::MON),
+    ("FO", weekday::MON),
+    ("FR", weekday::MON),
+    ("GB", weekday::MON),
+    ("GB-alt-variant", weekday::SUN),
+    ("GE", weekday::MON),
+    ("GF", weekday::MON),
+    ("GP", weekday::MON),
+    ("GR", weekday::MON),
+    ("GT", weekday::SUN),
+    ("GU", weekday::SUN),
+    ("HK", weekday::SUN),
+    ("HN", weekday::SUN),
+    ("HR", weekday::MON),
+    ("HU", weekday::MON),
+    ("ID", weekday::SUN),
+    ("IE", weekday::MON),
+    ("IL", weekday::SUN),
+    ("IN", weekday::SUN),
+    ("IQ", weekday::SAT),
+    ("IR", weekday::SAT),
+    ("IS", weekday::MON),
+    ("IT", weekday::MON),
+    ("JM", weekday::SUN),
+    ("JO", weekday::SAT),
+    ("JP", weekday::SUN),
+    ("KE", weekday::SUN),
+    ("KG", weekday::MON),
+    ("KH", weekday::SUN),
+    ("KR", weekday::SUN),
+    ("KW", weekday::SAT),
+    ("KZ", weekday::MON),
+    ("LA", weekday::SUN),
+    ("LB", weekday::MON),
+    ("LI", weekday::MON),
+    ("LK", weekday::MON),
+    ("LT", weekday::MON),
+    ("LU", weekday::MON),
+    ("LV", weekday::MON),
+    ("LY", weekday::SAT),
+    ("MC", weekday::MON),
+    ("MD", weekday::MON),
+    ("ME", weekday::MON),
+    ("MH", weekday::SUN),
+    ("MK", weekday::MON),
+    ("MM", weekday::SUN),
+    ("MN", weekday::MON),
+    ("MO", weekday::SUN),
+    ("MQ", weekday::MON),
+    ("MT", weekday::SUN),
+    ("MV", weekday::FRI),
+    ("MX", weekday::SUN),
+    ("MY", weekday::MON),
+    ("MZ", weekday::SUN),
+    ("NI", weekday::SUN),
+    ("NL", weekday::MON),
+    ("NO", weekday::MON),
+    ("NP", weekday::SUN),
+    ("NZ", weekday::MON),
+    ("OM", weekday::SAT),
+    ("PA", weekday::SUN),
+    ("PE", weekday::SUN),
+    ("PH", weekday::SUN),
+    ("PK", weekday::SUN),
+    ("PL", weekday::MON),
+    ("PR", weekday::SUN),
+    ("PT", weekday::SUN),
+    ("PY", weekday::SUN),
+    ("QA", weekday::SAT),
+    ("RE", weekday::MON),
+    ("RO", weekday::MON),
+    ("RS", weekday::MON),
+    ("RU", weekday::MON),
+    ("SA", weekday::SUN),
+    ("SD", weekday::SAT),
+    ("SE", weekday::MON),
+    ("SG", weekday::SUN),
+    ("SI", weekday::MON),
+    ("SK", weekday::MON),
+    ("SM", weekday::MON),
+    ("SV", weekday::SUN),
+    ("SY", weekday::SAT),
+    ("TH", weekday::SUN),
+    ("TJ", weekday::MON),
+    ("TM", weekday::MON),
+    ("TR", weekday::MON),
+    ("TT", weekday::SUN),
+    ("TW", weekday::SUN),
+    ("UA", weekday::MON),
+    ("UM", weekday::SUN),
+    ("US", weekday::SUN),
+    ("UY", weekday::MON),
+    ("UZ", weekday::MON),
+    ("VA", weekday::MON),
+    ("VE", weekday::SUN),
+    ("VI", weekday::SUN),
+    ("VN", weekday::MON),
+    ("WS", weekday::SUN),
+    ("XK", weekday::MON),
+    ("YE", weekday::SUN),
+    ("ZA", weekday::SUN),
+    ("ZW", weekday::SUN),
+];
+static TRIE: ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<[u8; 539]> = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_sorted_str_tuples(DATA);
+
+static TRIE_PHF: ZeroTriePerfectHash<[u8; 567]> = ZeroTriePerfectHash::from_store([
+    225, 123, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 0, 15, 0,
+    81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 79, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 74, 48, 76,
+    78, 77, 80, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2,
+    14, 41, 59, 74, 86, 88, 90, 92, 98, 100, 142, 181, 208, 226, 241, 253, 31, 43, 67, 85, 94, 97,
+    121, 136, 178, 65, 134, 196, 69, 79, 83, 85, 1, 2, 3, 129, 129, 129, 129, 201, 65, 68, 69, 71,
+    73, 75, 77, 86, 89, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 135, 134, 129, 135, 129, 129, 129, 135, 134, 198,
+    72, 74, 77, 82, 84, 87, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 135, 129, 129, 129, 135, 135, 197, 65, 77, 83, 89, 90,
+    1, 2, 3, 4, 129, 135, 135, 129, 129, 196, 65, 69, 73, 78, 1, 2, 3, 129, 135, 135, 129, 83, 135,
+    75, 129, 69, 135, 194, 65, 87, 1, 135, 135, 77, 134, 206, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77, 78, 82,
+    83, 84, 85, 88, 90, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 129, 134, 134, 135, 129, 129,
+    129, 129, 129, 135, 129, 129, 129, 129, 205, 65, 68, 69, 71, 72, 77, 78, 82, 83, 84, 87, 89,
+    90, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 129, 135, 129, 129, 134, 129, 129, 135, 135, 135,
+    135, 129, 135, 201, 65, 72, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 89, 90, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 135, 129, 129,
+    129, 135, 135, 129, 129, 129, 198, 69, 74, 75, 77, 79, 90, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 129, 134, 129, 135,
+    135, 134, 197, 67, 69, 71, 83, 84, 1, 2, 3, 4, 129, 129, 134, 129, 135, 196, 73, 74, 79, 82, 1,
+    2, 3, 129, 129, 129, 129, 199, 66, 69, 70, 80, 82, 84, 85, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 129, 45, 97,
+    108, 116, 45, 118, 97, 114, 105, 97, 110, 116, 135, 129, 129, 129, 129, 135, 135, 196, 75, 78,
+    82, 85, 1, 2, 3, 135, 135, 129, 129, 200, 68, 69, 76, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
+    135, 129, 135, 135, 134, 134, 129, 129, 198, 69, 71, 72, 82, 87, 90, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 135, 129,
+    135, 135, 134, 129, 195, 77, 79, 80, 1, 2, 135, 134, 135, 48, 49, 129, 200, 65, 66, 73, 75, 84,
+    85, 86, 89, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 135, 129, 129, 129, 129, 129, 129, 134, 197, 73, 76, 79, 80,
+    90, 1, 2, 3, 4, 135, 129, 129, 135, 129, 206, 67, 68, 69, 72, 75, 77, 78, 79, 81, 84, 86, 88,
+    89, 90, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 129, 129, 129, 135, 129, 135, 129, 135, 129,
+    135, 133, 135, 129, 135, 200, 65, 69, 72, 75, 76, 82, 84, 89, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 135, 135,
+    135, 135, 129, 135, 135, 135,
+]);
+
+fn black_box<T>(dummy: T) -> T {
+    unsafe {
+        let ret = std::ptr::read_volatile(&dummy);
+        std::mem::forget(dummy);
+        ret
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    // Un-comment to re-generate the bytes (printed to the terminal)
+    // let trie_phf = DATA.iter().copied().collect::<ZeroTriePerfectHash<Vec<_>>>();
+    // assert_eq!(trie_phf.as_bytes(), TRIE_PHF.as_bytes());
+
+    assert_eq!(black_box(TRIE_PHF).get(b"MV"), Some(weekday::FRI));
+}

vendor/zerotrie/src/builder/branch_meta.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+/// Intermediate metadata for a branch node under construction.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct BranchMeta {
+    /// The lead byte for this branch. Formerly it was required to be an ASCII byte, but now
+    /// it can be any byte.
+    pub ascii: u8,
+    /// The size in bytes of the trie data reachable from this branch.
+    pub local_length: usize,
+    /// The size in bytes of this and all later sibling branches.
+    pub cumulative_length: usize,
+    /// The number of later sibling branches, including this.
+    pub count: usize,
+}
+
+impl BranchMeta {
+    /// Creates a new empty [`BranchMeta`].
+    pub const fn default() -> Self {
+        BranchMeta {
+            ascii: 0,
+            cumulative_length: 0,
+            local_length: 0,
+            count: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}

vendor/zerotrie/src/builder/bytestr.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+use core::borrow::Borrow;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+use alloc::boxed::Box;
+
+/// A struct transparent over `[u8]` with convenient helper functions.
+#[repr(transparent)]
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub(crate) struct ByteStr([u8]);
+
+impl ByteStr {
+    pub const fn from_byte_slice_with_value<'a, 'l>(
+        input: &'l [(&'a [u8], usize)],
+    ) -> &'l [(&'a ByteStr, usize)] {
+        // Safety: [u8] and ByteStr have the same layout and invariants
+        unsafe { core::mem::transmute(input) }
+    }
+
+    pub const fn from_str_slice_with_value<'a, 'l>(
+        input: &'l [(&'a str, usize)],
+    ) -> &'l [(&'a ByteStr, usize)] {
+        // Safety: str and ByteStr have the same layout, and ByteStr is less restrictive
+        unsafe { core::mem::transmute(input) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_bytes(input: &[u8]) -> &Self {
+        // Safety: [u8] and ByteStr have the same layout and invariants
+        unsafe { core::mem::transmute(input) }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+    pub fn from_boxed_bytes(input: Box<[u8]>) -> Box<Self> {
+        // Safety: [u8] and ByteStr have the same layout and invariants
+        unsafe { core::mem::transmute(input) }
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)] // may want this in the future
+    pub fn from_str(input: &str) -> &Self {
+        Self::from_bytes(input.as_bytes())
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)] // may want this in the future
+    pub fn empty() -> &'static Self {
+        Self::from_bytes(&[])
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)] // not used in all features
+    pub const fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.0
+    }
+
+    pub const fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0.len()
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)] // not used in all features
+    pub fn is_all_ascii(&self) -> bool {
+        for byte in self.0.iter() {
+            if !byte.is_ascii() {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)] // may want this in the future
+    pub(crate) fn byte_at(&self, index: usize) -> Option<u8> {
+        self.0.get(index).copied()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the byte at the given index, panicking if out of bounds.
+    #[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing)] // "panic" is in method name
+    pub(crate) const fn byte_at_or_panic(&self, index: usize) -> u8 {
+        self.0[index]
+    }
+
+    /// Const function to evaluate `self < other`.
+    #[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing)] // in-range loop conditions
+    pub(crate) const fn is_less_then(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        let mut i = 0;
+        while i < self.len() && i < other.len() {
+            if self.0[i] < other.0[i] {
+                return true;
+            }
+            if self.0[i] > other.0[i] {
+                return false;
+            }
+            i += 1;
+        }
+        self.len() < other.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Const function to evaluate `self[..prefix_len] == other[..prefix_len]`
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `prefix_len` is longer than either this string or the other string
+    #[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing)] // in-range loop conditions
+    pub(crate) const fn prefix_eq(&self, other: &ByteStr, prefix_len: usize) -> bool {
+        assert!(prefix_len <= self.len());
+        assert!(prefix_len <= other.len());
+        let mut i = 0;
+        while i < prefix_len {
+            if self.0[i] != other.0[i] {
+                return false;
+            }
+            i += 1;
+        }
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+impl Borrow<[u8]> for ByteStr {
+    fn borrow(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.as_bytes()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+impl Borrow<[u8]> for alloc::boxed::Box<ByteStr> {
+    fn borrow(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.as_bytes()
+    }
+}

vendor/zerotrie/src/builder/konst/builder.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+use super::super::branch_meta::BranchMeta;
+use super::super::bytestr::ByteStr;
+use super::store::const_for_each;
+use super::store::ConstArrayBuilder;
+use super::store::ConstLengthsStack;
+use super::store::ConstSlice;
+use crate::error::ZeroTrieBuildError;
+use crate::varint;
+
+/// A low-level builder for ZeroTrieSimpleAscii. Works in const contexts.
+///
+/// All methods that grow the trie will panic if the capacity N is not enough.
+pub(crate) struct ZeroTrieBuilderConst<const N: usize> {
+    data: ConstArrayBuilder<N, u8>,
+}
+
+impl<const N: usize> ZeroTrieBuilderConst<N> {
+    /// Non-const function that returns the current trie data as a slice.
+    #[cfg(feature = "litemap")]
+    pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.data.as_const_slice().as_slice()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the trie data, panicking if the buffer is the wrong size.
+    pub const fn build_or_panic(self) -> [u8; N] {
+        self.data.const_build_or_panic()
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new empty builder.
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            data: ConstArrayBuilder::new_empty([0; N], N),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Prepends an ASCII node to the front of the builder. Returns the new builder
+    /// and the delta in length, which is always 1.
+    #[must_use]
+    const fn prepend_ascii(self, ascii: u8) -> (Self, usize) {
+        if ascii >= 128 {
+            panic!("Non-ASCII not supported in ZeroTrieSimpleAscii");
+        }
+        let data = self.data.const_push_front_or_panic(ascii);
+        (Self { data }, 1)
+    }
+
+    /// Prepends a value node to the front of the builder. Returns the new builder
+    /// and the delta in length, which depends on the size of the varint.
+    #[must_use]
+    const fn prepend_value(self, value: usize) -> (Self, usize) {
+        let mut data = self.data;
+        let varint_array = varint::write_varint_meta3(value);
+        // Can panic (as documented in class docs):
+        data = data.const_extend_front_or_panic(varint_array.as_const_slice());
+        // Shouldn't panic: index 0 is always a valid index, and the array is nonempty now
+        data = data.const_bitor_assign_or_panic(0, 0b10000000);
+        (Self { data }, varint_array.len())
+    }
+
+    /// Prepends a branch node to the front of the builder. Returns the new builder
+    /// and the delta in length, which depends on the size of the varint.
+    #[must_use]
+    const fn prepend_branch(self, value: usize) -> (Self, usize) {
+        let mut data = self.data;
+        let varint_array = varint::write_varint_meta2(value);
+        // Can panic (as documented in type-level docs):
+        data = data.const_extend_front_or_panic(varint_array.as_const_slice());
+        // Shouldn't panic: index 0 is always a valid index, and the array is nonempty now
+        data = data.const_bitor_assign_or_panic(0, 0b11000000);
+        (Self { data }, varint_array.len())
+    }
+
+    /// Prepends multiple arbitrary bytes to the front of the builder. Returns the new builder
+    /// and the delta in length, which is the length of the slice.
+    #[must_use]
+    const fn prepend_slice(self, s: ConstSlice<u8>) -> (Self, usize) {
+        let mut data = self.data;
+        let mut i = s.len();
+        while i > 0 {
+            // Can panic (as documented in type-level docs):
+            data = data.const_push_front_or_panic(*s.get_or_panic(i - 1));
+            i -= 1;
+        }
+        (Self { data }, s.len())
+    }
+
+    /// Prepends multiple zeros to the front of the builder. Returns the new builder.
+    #[must_use]
+    const fn prepend_n_zeros(self, n: usize) -> Self {
+        let mut data = self.data;
+        let mut i = 0;
+        while i < n {
+            // Can panic (as documented in type-level docs):
+            data = data.const_push_front_or_panic(0);
+            i += 1;
+        }
+        Self { data }
+    }
+
+    /// Performs the operation `self[index] |= bits`
+    const fn bitor_assign_at_or_panic(self, index: usize, bits: u8) -> Self {
+        let mut data = self.data;
+        data = data.const_bitor_assign_or_panic(index, bits);
+        Self { data }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new builder containing the elements in the given slice of key/value pairs.
+    ///
+    /// `K` is the stack size of the lengths stack. If you get an error such as
+    /// "AsciiTrie Builder: Need more stack", try increasing `K`.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the items are not sorted
+    pub const fn from_tuple_slice<'a, const K: usize>(
+        items: &[(&'a ByteStr, usize)],
+    ) -> Result<Self, ZeroTrieBuildError> {
+        let items = ConstSlice::from_slice(items);
+        let mut prev: Option<&'a ByteStr> = None;
+        const_for_each!(items, (ascii_str, _), {
+            match prev {
+                None => (),
+                Some(prev) => {
+                    if !prev.is_less_then(ascii_str) {
+                        panic!("Strings in ByteStr constructor are not sorted");
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+            prev = Some(ascii_str)
+        });
+        Self::from_sorted_const_tuple_slice::<K>(items)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new builder containing the elements in the given slice of key/value pairs.
+    ///
+    /// Assumes that the items are sorted. If they are not, unexpected behavior may occur.
+    ///
+    /// `K` is the stack size of the lengths stack. If you get an error such as
+    /// "AsciiTrie Builder: Need more stack", try increasing `K`.
+    pub const fn from_sorted_const_tuple_slice<const K: usize>(
+        items: ConstSlice<(&ByteStr, usize)>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, ZeroTrieBuildError> {
+        let mut result = Self::new();
+        let total_size;
+        (result, total_size) = result.create_or_panic::<K>(items);
+        debug_assert!(total_size == result.data.len());
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+
+    /// The actual builder algorithm. For an explanation, see [`crate::builder`].
+    #[must_use]
+    const fn create_or_panic<const K: usize>(
+        mut self,
+        all_items: ConstSlice<(&ByteStr, usize)>,
+    ) -> (Self, usize) {
+        let mut prefix_len = match all_items.last() {
+            Some(x) => x.0.len(),
+            // Empty slice:
+            None => return (Self::new(), 0),
+        };
+        // Initialize the main loop to point at the last string.
+        let mut lengths_stack = ConstLengthsStack::<K>::new();
+        let mut i = all_items.len() - 1;
+        let mut j = all_items.len();
+        let mut current_len = 0;
+        // Start the main loop.
+        loop {
+            let item_i = all_items.get_or_panic(i);
+            let item_j = all_items.get_or_panic(j - 1);
+            debug_assert!(item_i.0.prefix_eq(item_j.0, prefix_len));
+            // Check if we need to add a value node here.
+            if item_i.0.len() == prefix_len {
+                let len;
+                (self, len) = self.prepend_value(item_i.1);
+                current_len += len;
+            }
+            if prefix_len == 0 {
+                // All done! Leave the main loop.
+                break;
+            }
+            // Reduce the prefix length by 1 and recalculate i and j.
+            prefix_len -= 1;
+            let mut new_i = i;
+            let mut new_j = j;
+            let mut ascii_i = item_i.0.byte_at_or_panic(prefix_len);
+            let mut ascii_j = item_j.0.byte_at_or_panic(prefix_len);
+            debug_assert!(ascii_i == ascii_j);
+            let key_ascii = ascii_i;
+            loop {
+                if new_i == 0 {
+                    break;
+                }
+                let candidate = all_items.get_or_panic(new_i - 1).0;
+                if candidate.len() < prefix_len {
+                    // Too short
+                    break;
+                }
+                if item_i.0.prefix_eq(candidate, prefix_len) {
+                    new_i -= 1;
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+                if candidate.len() == prefix_len {
+                    // A string that equals the prefix does not take part in the branch node.
+                    break;
+                }
+                let candidate = candidate.byte_at_or_panic(prefix_len);
+                if candidate != ascii_i {
+                    ascii_i = candidate;
+                }
+            }
+            loop {
+                if new_j == all_items.len() {
+                    break;
+                }
+                let candidate = all_items.get_or_panic(new_j).0;
+                if candidate.len() < prefix_len {
+                    // Too short
+                    break;
+                }
+                if item_j.0.prefix_eq(candidate, prefix_len) {
+                    new_j += 1;
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+                if candidate.len() == prefix_len {
+                    panic!("A shorter string should be earlier in the sequence");
+                }
+                let candidate = candidate.byte_at_or_panic(prefix_len);
+                if candidate != ascii_j {
+                    ascii_j = candidate;
+                }
+            }
+            // If there are no different bytes at this prefix level, we can add an ASCII or Span
+            // node and then continue to the next iteration of the main loop.
+            if ascii_i == key_ascii && ascii_j == key_ascii {
+                let len;
+                (self, len) = self.prepend_ascii(ascii_i);
+                current_len += len;
+                debug_assert!(i == new_i || i == new_i + 1);
+                i = new_i;
+                debug_assert!(j == new_j);
+                continue;
+            }
+            // If i and j changed, we are a target of a branch node.
+            if ascii_j == key_ascii {
+                // We are the _last_ target of a branch node.
+                lengths_stack = lengths_stack.push_or_panic(BranchMeta {
+                    ascii: key_ascii,
+                    cumulative_length: current_len,
+                    local_length: current_len,
+                    count: 1,
+                });
+            } else {
+                // We are the _not the last_ target of a branch node.
+                let BranchMeta {
+                    cumulative_length,
+                    count,
+                    ..
+                } = lengths_stack.peek_or_panic();
+                lengths_stack = lengths_stack.push_or_panic(BranchMeta {
+                    ascii: key_ascii,
+                    cumulative_length: cumulative_length + current_len,
+                    local_length: current_len,
+                    count: count + 1,
+                });
+            }
+            if ascii_i != key_ascii {
+                // We are _not the first_ target of a branch node.
+                // Set the cursor to the previous string and continue the loop.
+                j = i;
+                i -= 1;
+                prefix_len = all_items.get_or_panic(i).0.len();
+                current_len = 0;
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Branch (first)
+            let (total_length, total_count) = {
+                let BranchMeta {
+                    cumulative_length,
+                    count,
+                    ..
+                } = lengths_stack.peek_or_panic();
+                (cumulative_length, count)
+            };
+            let branch_metas;
+            (lengths_stack, branch_metas) = lengths_stack.pop_many_or_panic(total_count);
+            let original_keys = branch_metas.map_to_ascii_bytes();
+            // Write out the offset table
+            current_len = total_length;
+            const USIZE_BITS: usize = core::mem::size_of::<usize>() * 8;
+            let w = (USIZE_BITS - (total_length.leading_zeros() as usize) - 1) / 8;
+            if w > 3 {
+                panic!("ZeroTrie capacity exceeded");
+            }
+            let mut k = 0;
+            while k <= w {
+                self = self.prepend_n_zeros(total_count - 1);
+                current_len += total_count - 1;
+                let mut l = 0;
+                let mut length_to_write = 0;
+                while l < total_count {
+                    let BranchMeta { local_length, .. } = *branch_metas
+                        .as_const_slice()
+                        .get_or_panic(total_count - l - 1);
+                    let mut adjusted_length = length_to_write;
+                    let mut m = 0;
+                    while m < k {
+                        adjusted_length >>= 8;
+                        m += 1;
+                    }
+                    if l > 0 {
+                        self = self.bitor_assign_at_or_panic(l - 1, adjusted_length as u8);
+                    }
+                    l += 1;
+                    length_to_write += local_length;
+                }
+                k += 1;
+            }
+            // Write out the lookup table
+            assert!(0 < total_count && total_count <= 256);
+            let branch_value = (w << 8) + (total_count & 0xff);
+            let slice_len;
+            (self, slice_len) = self.prepend_slice(original_keys.as_const_slice());
+            let branch_len;
+            (self, branch_len) = self.prepend_branch(branch_value);
+            current_len += slice_len + branch_len;
+            i = new_i;
+            j = new_j;
+        }
+        assert!(lengths_stack.is_empty());
+        (self, current_len)
+    }
+}

vendor/zerotrie/src/builder/konst/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+mod builder;
+mod store;
+
+pub(crate) use builder::*;
+pub(crate) use store::ConstArrayBuilder;

vendor/zerotrie/src/builder/konst/store.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+//! This module contains internal collections for the const builder.
+
+use super::super::branch_meta::BranchMeta;
+
+/// A const-friendly slice type. It is backed by a full slice but is primarily intended
+/// to represent subslices of the full slice. We need this only because we can't take
+/// subslices in const Rust.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct ConstSlice<'a, T> {
+    /// The full slice.
+    full_slice: &'a [T],
+    /// The start index of the slice represented by this [`ConstSlice`].
+    start: usize,
+    /// The non-inclusive end index of the slice represented by this [`ConstSlice`].
+    limit: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a, T> ConstSlice<'a, T> {
+    /// Creates a [`ConstSlice`] representing an entire slice.
+    pub const fn from_slice(other: &'a [T]) -> Self {
+        ConstSlice {
+            full_slice: other,
+            start: 0,
+            limit: other.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a [`ConstSlice`] with the given start and limit.
+    pub const fn from_manual_slice(full_slice: &'a [T], start: usize, limit: usize) -> Self {
+        ConstSlice {
+            full_slice,
+            start,
+            limit,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the length of the [`ConstSlice`].
+    pub const fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.limit - self.start
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the element at `index`, panicking if not present.
+    pub const fn get_or_panic(&self, index: usize) -> &T {
+        #[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing)] // documented
+        &self.full_slice[index + self.start]
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the first element or `None` if empty.
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub const fn first(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        if self.len() == 0 {
+            None
+        } else {
+            // Won't panic: we already handled an empty slice
+            Some(self.get_or_panic(0))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the last element or `None` if empty.
+    pub const fn last(&self) -> Option<&T> {
+        if self.len() == 0 {
+            None
+        } else {
+            // Won't panic: we already handled an empty slice
+            Some(self.get_or_panic(self.len() - 1))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets a subslice of this slice.
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub const fn get_subslice_or_panic(
+        &self,
+        new_start: usize,
+        new_limit: usize,
+    ) -> ConstSlice<'a, T> {
+        assert!(new_start <= new_limit);
+        assert!(new_limit <= self.len());
+        ConstSlice {
+            full_slice: self.full_slice,
+            start: self.start + new_start,
+            limit: self.start + new_limit,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Non-const function that returns this [`ConstSlice`] as a regular slice.
+    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "alloc"))]
+    #[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing)] // indices in range by struct invariant
+    pub fn as_slice(&self) -> &'a [T] {
+        &self.full_slice[self.start..self.limit]
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, T> From<&'a [T]> for ConstSlice<'a, T> {
+    fn from(other: &'a [T]) -> Self {
+        Self::from_slice(other)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A const-friendly mutable data structure backed by an array.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct ConstArrayBuilder<const N: usize, T> {
+    full_array: [T; N],
+    start: usize,
+    limit: usize,
+}
+
+impl<const N: usize, T: Default> Default for ConstArrayBuilder<N, T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new_empty([(); N].map(|_| Default::default()), 0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<const N: usize, T> ConstArrayBuilder<N, T> {
+    /// Creates a new, empty builder of the given size. `cursor` indicates where in the
+    /// array new elements will be inserted first. Since we use a lot of prepend operations,
+    /// it is common to set `cursor` to `N`.
+    pub const fn new_empty(full_array: [T; N], cursor: usize) -> Self {
+        assert!(cursor <= N);
+        Self {
+            full_array,
+            start: cursor,
+            limit: cursor,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new builder with some initial content in `[start, limit)`.
+    pub const fn from_manual_slice(full_array: [T; N], start: usize, limit: usize) -> Self {
+        assert!(start <= limit);
+        assert!(limit <= N);
+        Self {
+            full_array,
+            start,
+            limit,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of initialized elements in the builder.
+    pub const fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.limit - self.start
+    }
+
+    /// Whether there are no initialized elements in the builder.
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub const fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.len() == 0
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the initialized elements as a [`ConstSlice`].
+    pub const fn as_const_slice(&self) -> ConstSlice<'_, T> {
+        ConstSlice::from_manual_slice(&self.full_array, self.start, self.limit)
+    }
+
+    /// Non-const function that returns a slice of the initialized elements.
+    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "alloc"))]
+    pub fn as_slice(&self) -> &[T] {
+        &self.full_array[self.start..self.limit]
+    }
+}
+
+// Certain functions that involve dropping `T` require that it be `Copy`
+impl<const N: usize, T: Copy> ConstArrayBuilder<N, T> {
+    /// Takes a fully initialized builder as an array. Panics if the builder is not
+    /// fully initialized.
+    pub const fn const_build_or_panic(self) -> [T; N] {
+        if self.start != 0 || self.limit != N {
+            let actual_len = self.limit - self.start;
+            const PREFIX: &[u8; 31] = b"Buffer too large. Size needed: ";
+            let len_bytes: [u8; PREFIX.len() + crate::helpers::MAX_USIZE_LEN_AS_DIGITS] =
+                crate::helpers::const_fmt_int(*PREFIX, actual_len);
+            let Ok(len_str) = core::str::from_utf8(&len_bytes) else {
+                unreachable!()
+            };
+            panic!("{}", len_str);
+        }
+        self.full_array
+    }
+
+    /// Prepends an element to the front of the builder, panicking if there is no room.
+    #[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing)] // documented
+    pub const fn const_push_front_or_panic(mut self, value: T) -> Self {
+        if self.start == 0 {
+            panic!("Buffer too small");
+        }
+        self.start -= 1;
+        self.full_array[self.start] = value;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Prepends multiple elements to the front of the builder, panicking if there is no room.
+    #[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing)] // documented
+    pub const fn const_extend_front_or_panic(mut self, other: ConstSlice<T>) -> Self {
+        if self.start < other.len() {
+            panic!("Buffer too small");
+        }
+        self.start -= other.len();
+        let mut i = self.start;
+        const_for_each!(other, byte, {
+            self.full_array[i] = *byte;
+            i += 1;
+        });
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<const N: usize> ConstArrayBuilder<N, u8> {
+    /// Specialized function that performs `self[index] |= bits`
+    #[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing)] // documented
+    pub(crate) const fn const_bitor_assign_or_panic(mut self, index: usize, bits: u8) -> Self {
+        self.full_array[self.start + index] |= bits;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<const N: usize, T: Copy> ConstArrayBuilder<N, T> {
+    /// Swaps the elements at positions `i` and `j`.
+    #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+    pub fn swap_or_panic(mut self, i: usize, j: usize) -> Self {
+        self.full_array.swap(self.start + i, self.start + j);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// Evaluates a block over each element of a const slice. Takes three arguments:
+///
+/// 1. Expression that resolves to the [`ConstSlice`].
+/// 2. Token that will be assigned the value of the element.
+/// 3. Block to evaluate for each element.
+macro_rules! const_for_each {
+    ($safe_const_slice:expr, $item:tt, $inner:expr) => {{
+        let mut i = 0;
+        while i < $safe_const_slice.len() {
+            // Won't panic: in-range loop condition
+            let $item = $safe_const_slice.get_or_panic(i);
+            $inner;
+            i += 1;
+        }
+    }};
+}
+
+pub(crate) use const_for_each;
+
+/// A data structure that holds up to K [`BranchMeta`] items.
+///
+/// Note: It should be possible to store the required data in the builder buffer itself,
+/// which would eliminate the need for this helper struct and the limit it imposes.
+pub(crate) struct ConstLengthsStack<const K: usize> {
+    data: [Option<BranchMeta>; K],
+    idx: usize,
+}
+
+impl<const K: usize> core::fmt::Debug for ConstLengthsStack<K> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        self.as_slice().fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<const K: usize> ConstLengthsStack<K> {
+    /// Creates a new empty [`ConstLengthsStack`].
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            data: [None; K],
+            idx: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether the stack is empty.
+    pub const fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.idx == 0
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a [`BranchMeta`] to the stack, panicking if there is no room.
+    #[must_use]
+    #[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing)] // documented
+    pub const fn push_or_panic(mut self, meta: BranchMeta) -> Self {
+        if self.idx >= K {
+            panic!(concat!(
+                "AsciiTrie Builder: Need more stack (max ",
+                stringify!(K),
+                ")"
+            ));
+        }
+        self.data[self.idx] = Some(meta);
+        self.idx += 1;
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a copy of the [`BranchMeta`] on the top of the stack, panicking if
+    /// the stack is empty.
+    pub const fn peek_or_panic(&self) -> BranchMeta {
+        if self.idx == 0 {
+            panic!("AsciiTrie Builder: Attempted to peek from an empty stack");
+        }
+        self.get_or_panic(0)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a copy of the [`BranchMeta`] at the specified index.
+    #[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing)] // documented
+    const fn get_or_panic(&self, index: usize) -> BranchMeta {
+        if self.idx <= index {
+            panic!("AsciiTrie Builder: Attempted to get too deep in a stack");
+        }
+        match self.data[self.idx - index - 1] {
+            Some(x) => x,
+            None => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Removes many [`BranchMeta`]s from the stack, returning them in a [`ConstArrayBuilder`].
+    #[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing)] // documented
+    pub const fn pop_many_or_panic(
+        mut self,
+        len: usize,
+    ) -> (Self, ConstArrayBuilder<256, BranchMeta>) {
+        debug_assert!(len <= 256);
+        let mut result = ConstArrayBuilder::new_empty([BranchMeta::default(); 256], 256);
+        let mut ix = 0;
+        loop {
+            if ix == len {
+                break;
+            }
+            let i = self.idx - ix - 1;
+            result = result.const_push_front_or_panic(match self.data[i] {
+                Some(x) => x,
+                None => panic!("Not enough items in the ConstLengthsStack"),
+            });
+            ix += 1;
+        }
+        self.idx -= len;
+        (self, result)
+    }
+
+    /// Non-const function that returns the initialized elements as a slice.
+    fn as_slice(&self) -> &[Option<BranchMeta>] {
+        &self.data[0..self.idx]
+    }
+}
+
+impl<const K: usize> ConstArrayBuilder<K, BranchMeta> {
+    /// Converts this builder-array of [`BranchMeta`] to one of the `ascii` fields.
+    pub const fn map_to_ascii_bytes(&self) -> ConstArrayBuilder<K, u8> {
+        let mut result = ConstArrayBuilder::new_empty([0; K], K);
+        let self_as_slice = self.as_const_slice();
+        const_for_each!(self_as_slice, value, {
+            result = result.const_push_front_or_panic(value.ascii);
+        });
+        result
+    }
+}

vendor/zerotrie/src/builder/litemap.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+//! Impls for functions gated on the "litemap" feature.
+
+use super::konst::*;
+use crate::builder::bytestr::ByteStr;
+use crate::error::ZeroTrieBuildError;
+use crate::zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+use crate::ZeroTrie;
+use alloc::borrow::Borrow;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+use litemap::LiteMap;
+
+impl ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<Vec<u8>> {
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn try_from_litemap_with_const_builder<'a, S>(
+        items: &LiteMap<&'a [u8], usize, S>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, ZeroTrieBuildError>
+    where
+        S: litemap::store::StoreSlice<&'a [u8], usize, Slice = [(&'a [u8], usize)]>,
+    {
+        let tuples = items.as_slice();
+        let byte_str_slice = ByteStr::from_byte_slice_with_value(tuples);
+        ZeroTrieBuilderConst::<10000>::from_sorted_const_tuple_slice::<100>(byte_str_slice.into())
+            .map(|s| Self {
+                store: s.as_bytes().to_vec(),
+            })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<K, S> TryFrom<&LiteMap<K, usize, S>> for ZeroTrie<Vec<u8>>
+where
+    // Borrow, not AsRef, because we rely on Ord being the same. Unfortunately
+    // this means `LiteMap<&str, usize>` does not work.
+    K: Borrow<[u8]>,
+    S: litemap::store::StoreSlice<K, usize, Slice = [(K, usize)]>,
+{
+    type Error = ZeroTrieBuildError;
+    fn try_from(items: &LiteMap<K, usize, S>) -> Result<Self, ZeroTrieBuildError> {
+        let byte_litemap = items.to_borrowed_keys::<[u8], Vec<_>>();
+        let byte_slice = byte_litemap.as_slice();
+        let byte_str_slice = ByteStr::from_byte_slice_with_value(byte_slice);
+        Self::try_from_tuple_slice(byte_str_slice)
+    }
+}
+
+// TODO(#7084): Make this more infallible by calculating the required length,
+// heap-allocating the required capacity, and pointing ConstAsciiTrieBuilderStore
+// to the heap buffer.

vendor/zerotrie/src/builder/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+//! # ZeroTrie Builder
+//!
+//! There are two implementations of the ZeroTrie Builder:
+//!
+//! - [konst::ZeroTrieBuilderConst] allows for human-readable const construction
+//! - [nonconst::ZeroTrieBuilder] has the full feaure set but requires `alloc`
+//!
+//! The two builders follow the same algorithm but have different capabilities.
+//!
+//! ## Builder Algorithm Overview
+//!
+//! The tries are built backwards, from the last node to the first node. The key step of the
+//! algorithm is **determining what is the next node to prepend.**
+//!
+//! In the simple case of [`ZeroTrieSimpleAscii`], all nodes are binary-search, so if the input
+//! strings are provided in lexicographic order, there is a simple, deterministic method for
+//! identifying the next node. This insight is what enables us to make the const builder.
+//!
+//! The builder works with the following intermediate state variables:
+//!
+//! - `prefix_len` indicates the byte index we are currently processing.
+//! - `i` and `j` bracket a window of strings in the input that share the same prefix.
+//! - `current_len` is the length in bytes of the current self-contained trie.
+//! - `lengths_stack` contains metadata for branch nodes.
+//!
+//! Consider a trie containing the following strings and values:
+//!
+//! - "" → 11
+//! - "ad" → 22
+//! - "adef" → 33
+//! - "adghk" → 44
+//!
+//! Suppose `prefix_len = 2`, `i = 1`, and `j = 4`. This would indicate that we
+//! have are evaluating the strings with the "ad" prefix, which extend from
+//! index 1 (inclusive) to index 4 (exclusive).
+//!
+//! What follows is a verbal explanation of the build steps for the above trie.
+//! When a node is prepended, it is shown in **boldface**.
+//!
+//! 1. Initialize the builder by setting `i=3`, `j=4`, `prefix_len=5` (the last string),
+//!    `current_len=0`, and `lengths_stack` empty. Start the main loop.
+//! 2. Top of loop. The string at `i` is equal in length to `prefix_len`, so we prepend
+//!    our first node: a **value node 44**, which requires a 2-byte varint. Increase
+//!    `current_len` to 2.
+//! 3. Reduce `prefix_len` to 4, read our `key_ascii="k"`, and recalculate `i` and `j`
+//!    _(this calculation is a long chunk of code in the builder impls)_. Since there is no
+//!    other string with the prefix "adgh", `i` and `j` stay the same, we prepend an
+//!    **ASCII node "k"**, increase `current_len` to 3, and continue the main loop.
+//! 4. Top of loop. The string at `i` is of length 5, but `prefix_len` is 4, so there is
+//!    no value node to prepend.
+//! 5. Reduce `prefix_len` to 3, read our `key_ascii="h"`, and recalculate `i` and `j`.
+//!    There are no other strings sharing the prefix "abg", so we prepend an
+//!    **ASCII node "h"**, increase `current_len` to 4, and continue the main loop.
+//! 6. Top of loop. There is still no value node to prepend.
+//! 7. Reduce `prefix_len` to 2, read our `key_ascii="g"`, and recalculate `i` and `j`.
+//!    We find that `i=1` and `j=4`, the range of strings sharing the prefix "ad". Since
+//!    `i` or `j` changed, proceed to evaluate the branch node.
+//! 8. The last branch byte `ascii_j` for this prefix is "g", which is the same as `key_ascii`,
+//!    so we are the _last_ target of a branch node. Push an entry onto `lengths_stack`:
+//!    `BranchMeta { ascii: "g", cumulative_length: 4, local_length: 4, count: 1 }`.
+//! 9. The first branch byte `ascii_i` for this prefix is "e", which is NOT equal to `key_ascii`,
+//!    so we are _not the first_ target of a branch node. We therefore start evaluating the
+//!    string preceding where we were at the top of the current loop. We set `i=2`, `j=3`,
+//!    `prefix_len=4` (length of the string at `i`), and continue the main loop.
+//! 10. Top of loop. Since the string at `i` is equal in length to `prefix_len`, we prepend a
+//!     **value node 33** (which requires a 2-byte varint) and increase `current_len` to 2.
+//! 11. Reduce `prefix_len` to 3, read our `key_ascii="f"`, and recalculate `i` and `j`.
+//!     They stay the same, so we prepend an **ASCII node "f"**, increase `current_len` to 3,
+//!     and continue the main loop.
+//! 12. Top of loop. No value node this time.
+//! 13. Reduce `prefix_len` to 2, read our `key_ascii="e"`, and recalculate `i` and `j`.
+//!     They go back to `i=1` and `j=4`.
+//! 14. The last branch byte `ascii_j` for this prefix is "g", which is NOT equal to `key_ascii`,
+//!     so we are _not the last_ target of a branch node. We peek at the entry at the front of
+//!     the lengths stack and use it to push another entry onto the stack:
+//!     `BranchMeta { ascii: "e", cumulative_length: 7, local_length: 3, count: 2 }`
+//! 15. The first branch byte `ascii_i` for this prefix is "e", which is the same as `key_ascii`,
+//!     wo we are the _first_ target of a branch node. We can therefore proceed to prepend the
+//!     metadata for the branch node. We peek at the top of the stack and find that there are 2
+//!     tries reachable from this branch and they have a total byte length of 5. We then pull off
+//!     2 entries from the stack into a local variable `branch_metas`. From here, we write out
+//!     the **offset table**, **lookup table**, and **branch head node**, which are determined
+//!     from the metadata entries. We set `current_len` to the length of the two tries plus the
+//!     metadata, which happens to be 11. Then we return to the top of the main loop.
+//! 16. Top of loop. The string at `i` is length 2, which is the same as `prefix_len`, so we
+//!     prepend a **value node 22** (2-byte varint) and increase `current_len` to 13.
+//! 17. Reduce `prefix_len` to 1, read our `key_ascii="d"`, and recalculate `i` and `j`.
+//!     They stay the same, so we prepend an **ASCII node "d"**, increase `current_len` to 14,
+//!     and continue the main loop.
+//! 18. Top of loop. No value node this time.
+//! 19. Reduce `prefix_len` to 0, read our `key_ascii="a"`, and recalculate `i` and `j`.
+//!     They change to `i=0` and `j=4`, since all strings have the empty string as a prefix.
+//!     However, `ascii_i` and `ascii_j` both equal `key_ascii`, so we prepend **ASCII node "a"**,
+//!     increase `current_len` to 15, and continue the main loop.
+//! 16. Top of loop. The string at `i` is length 0, which is the same as `prefix_len`, so we
+//!     prepend a **value node 11** and increase `current_len` to 16.
+//! 17. We can no longer reduce `prefix_len`, so our trie is complete.
+//!
+//! ## Perfect Hash Reordering
+//!
+//! When the PHF is added to the mix, the main change is that the strings are no longer in sorted
+//! order when they are in the trie. To resolve this issue, when adding a branch node, the target
+//! tries are rearranged in-place in the buffer to be in the correct order for the PHF.
+//!
+//! ## Example
+//!
+//! Here is the output of the trie described above.
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+//!
+//! const DATA: [(&str, usize); 4] =
+//!     [("", 11), ("ad", 22), ("adef", 33), ("adghk", 44)];
+//!
+//! // As demonstrated above, the required capacity for this trie is 16 bytes
+//! const TRIE: ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<[u8; 16]> =
+//!     ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_sorted_str_tuples(&DATA);
+//!
+//! assert_eq!(
+//!     TRIE.as_bytes(),
+//!     &[
+//!         0x8B, // value node 11
+//!         b'a', // ASCII node 'a'
+//!         b'd', // ASCII node 'd'
+//!         0x90, // value node 22 lead byte
+//!         0x06, // value node 22 trail byte
+//!         0xC2, // branch node 2
+//!         b'e', // first target of branch
+//!         b'g', // second target of branch
+//!         3,    // offset
+//!         b'f', // ASCII node 'f'
+//!         0x90, // value node 33 lead byte
+//!         0x11, // value node 33 trail byte
+//!         b'h', // ASCII node 'h'
+//!         b'k', // ASCII node 'k'
+//!         0x90, // value node 44 lead byte
+//!         0x1C, // value node 44 trail byte
+//!     ]
+//! );
+//!
+//! assert_eq!(TRIE.get(b""), Some(11));
+//! assert_eq!(TRIE.get(b"ad"), Some(22));
+//! assert_eq!(TRIE.get(b"adef"), Some(33));
+//! assert_eq!(TRIE.get(b"adghk"), Some(44));
+//! assert_eq!(TRIE.get(b"unknown"), None);
+//! ```
+
+mod branch_meta;
+pub(crate) mod bytestr;
+pub(crate) mod konst;
+#[cfg(feature = "litemap")]
+mod litemap;
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+pub(crate) mod nonconst;
+
+use bytestr::ByteStr;
+
+use super::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+
+impl<const N: usize> ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<[u8; N]> {
+    /// **Const Constructor:** Creates an [`ZeroTrieSimpleAscii`] from a sorted slice of keys and values.
+    ///
+    /// This function needs to know the exact length of the resulting trie at compile time. To
+    /// figure out `N`, first set `N` to be too large (say 0xFFFF), then look at the resulting
+    /// compile error which will tell you how to set `N`, like this:
+    ///
+    /// > the evaluated program panicked at 'Buffer too large. Size needed: 17'
+    ///
+    /// That error message says you need to set `N` to 17.
+    ///
+    /// Also see [`Self::from_sorted_str_tuples`].
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `items` is not sorted or if `N` is not correct.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Create a `const` ZeroTrieSimpleAscii at compile time:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+    ///
+    /// // The required capacity for this trie happens to be 17 bytes
+    /// const TRIE: ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<[u8; 17]> =
+    ///     ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_sorted_u8_tuples(&[
+    ///         (b"bar", 2),
+    ///         (b"bazzoo", 3),
+    ///         (b"foo", 1),
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(TRIE.get(b"foo"), Some(1));
+    /// assert_eq!(TRIE.get(b"bar"), Some(2));
+    /// assert_eq!(TRIE.get(b"bazzoo"), Some(3));
+    /// assert_eq!(TRIE.get(b"unknown"), None);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Panics if strings are not sorted:
+    ///
+    /// ```compile_fail
+    /// # use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+    /// const TRIE: ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<[u8; 17]> = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_sorted_u8_tuples(&[
+    ///     (b"foo", 1),
+    ///     (b"bar", 2),
+    ///     (b"bazzoo", 3),
+    /// ]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Panics if capacity is too small:
+    ///
+    /// ```compile_fail
+    /// # use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+    /// const TRIE: ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<[u8; 15]> = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_sorted_u8_tuples(&[
+    ///     (b"bar", 2),
+    ///     (b"bazzoo", 3),
+    ///     (b"foo", 1),
+    /// ]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Panics if capacity is too large:
+    ///
+    /// ```compile_fail
+    /// # use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+    /// const TRIE: ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<[u8; 20]> = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_sorted_u8_tuples(&[
+    ///     (b"bar", 2),
+    ///     (b"bazzoo", 3),
+    ///     (b"foo", 1),
+    /// ]);
+    /// ```
+    pub const fn from_sorted_u8_tuples(tuples: &[(&[u8], usize)]) -> Self {
+        use konst::*;
+        let byte_str_slice = ByteStr::from_byte_slice_with_value(tuples);
+        let result = ZeroTrieBuilderConst::<N>::from_tuple_slice::<100>(byte_str_slice);
+        match result {
+            Ok(s) => Self::from_store(s.build_or_panic()),
+            Err(_) => panic!("Failed to build ZeroTrie"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// **Const Constructor:** Creates an [`ZeroTrieSimpleAscii`] from a sorted slice of keys and values.
+    ///
+    /// This function needs to know the exact length of the resulting trie at compile time. To
+    /// figure out `N`, first set `N` to be too large (say 0xFFFF), then look at the resulting
+    /// compile error which will tell you how to set `N`, like this:
+    ///
+    /// > the evaluated program panicked at 'Buffer too large. Size needed: 17'
+    ///
+    /// That error message says you need to set `N` to 17.
+    ///
+    /// Also see [`Self::from_sorted_u8_tuples`].
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `items` is not sorted, if `N` is not correct, or if any of the strings contain
+    /// non-ASCII characters.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Create a `const` ZeroTrieSimpleAscii at compile time:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+    ///
+    /// // The required capacity for this trie happens to be 17 bytes
+    /// const TRIE: ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<[u8; 17]> =
+    ///     ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_sorted_str_tuples(&[
+    ///         ("bar", 2),
+    ///         ("bazzoo", 3),
+    ///         ("foo", 1),
+    ///     ]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(TRIE.get(b"foo"), Some(1));
+    /// assert_eq!(TRIE.get(b"bar"), Some(2));
+    /// assert_eq!(TRIE.get(b"bazzoo"), Some(3));
+    /// assert_eq!(TRIE.get(b"unknown"), None);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the strings are not ASCII:
+    ///
+    /// ```compile_fail
+    /// # use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+    /// const TRIE: ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<[u8; 100]> = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_sorted_str_tuples(&[
+    ///     ("bár", 2),
+    ///     ("båzzöo", 3),
+    ///     ("foo", 1),
+    /// ]);
+    /// ```
+    pub const fn from_sorted_str_tuples(tuples: &[(&str, usize)]) -> Self {
+        use konst::*;
+        let byte_str_slice = ByteStr::from_str_slice_with_value(tuples);
+        // 100 is the value of `K`, the size of the lengths stack. If compile errors are
+        // encountered, this number may need to be increased.
+        let result = ZeroTrieBuilderConst::<N>::from_tuple_slice::<100>(byte_str_slice);
+        match result {
+            Ok(s) => Self::from_store(s.build_or_panic()),
+            Err(_) => panic!("Failed to build ZeroTrie"),
+        }
+    }
+}

vendor/zerotrie/src/builder/nonconst/builder.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,420 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+use core::cmp::Ordering;
+
+use super::super::branch_meta::BranchMeta;
+use super::store::NonConstLengthsStack;
+use super::store::TrieBuilderStore;
+use crate::builder::bytestr::ByteStr;
+use crate::byte_phf::PerfectByteHashMapCacheOwned;
+use crate::error::ZeroTrieBuildError;
+use crate::options::*;
+use crate::varint;
+use alloc::borrow::Cow;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+/// A low-level builder for ZeroTrie. Supports all options.
+pub(crate) struct ZeroTrieBuilder<S> {
+    data: S,
+    phf_cache: PerfectByteHashMapCacheOwned,
+    options: ZeroTrieBuilderOptions,
+}
+
+impl<S: TrieBuilderStore> ZeroTrieBuilder<S> {
+    /// Returns the trie data as a `Vec<u8>`.
+    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.data.atbs_to_bytes()
+    }
+
+    /// Prepends a byte value to the front of the builder. If it is ASCII, an ASCII
+    /// node is prepended. If it is non-ASCII, if there is already a span node at
+    /// the front, we modify the span node to add the new byte; otherwise, we create
+    /// a new span node. Returns the delta in length, which is either 1 or 2.
+    fn prepend_ascii(&mut self, ascii: u8) -> Result<usize, ZeroTrieBuildError> {
+        if ascii <= 127 {
+            self.data.atbs_push_front(ascii);
+            Ok(1)
+        } else if matches!(self.options.ascii_mode, AsciiMode::BinarySpans) {
+            if let Some(old_front) = self.data.atbs_pop_front() {
+                let old_byte_len = self.data.atbs_len() + 1;
+                if old_front & 0b11100000 == 0b10100000 {
+                    // Extend an existing span
+                    // Unwrap OK: there is a varint at this location in the buffer
+                    #[expect(clippy::unwrap_used)]
+                    let old_span_size =
+                        varint::try_read_varint_meta3_from_tstore(old_front, &mut self.data)
+                            .unwrap();
+                    self.data.atbs_push_front(ascii);
+                    let varint_array = varint::write_varint_meta3(old_span_size + 1);
+                    self.data.atbs_extend_front(varint_array.as_slice());
+                    self.data.atbs_bitor_assign(0, 0b10100000);
+                    let new_byte_len = self.data.atbs_len();
+                    return Ok(new_byte_len - old_byte_len);
+                } else {
+                    self.data.atbs_push_front(old_front);
+                }
+            }
+            // Create a new span
+            self.data.atbs_push_front(ascii);
+            self.data.atbs_push_front(0b10100001);
+            Ok(2)
+        } else {
+            Err(ZeroTrieBuildError::NonAsciiError)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Prepends a value node to the front of the builder. Returns the
+    /// delta in length, which depends on the size of the varint.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn prepend_value(&mut self, value: usize) -> usize {
+        let varint_array = varint::write_varint_meta3(value);
+        self.data.atbs_extend_front(varint_array.as_slice());
+        self.data.atbs_bitor_assign(0, 0b10000000);
+        varint_array.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Prepends a branch node to the front of the builder. Returns the
+    /// delta in length, which depends on the size of the varint.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn prepend_branch(&mut self, value: usize) -> usize {
+        let varint_array = varint::write_varint_meta2(value);
+        self.data.atbs_extend_front(varint_array.as_slice());
+        self.data.atbs_bitor_assign(0, 0b11000000);
+        varint_array.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Prepends multiple arbitrary bytes to the front of the builder. Returns the
+    /// delta in length, which is the length of the slice.
+    #[must_use]
+    fn prepend_slice(&mut self, s: &[u8]) -> usize {
+        self.data.atbs_extend_front(s);
+        s.len()
+    }
+
+    /// Builds a ZeroTrie from an iterator of bytes. It first collects and sorts the iterator.
+    pub fn from_bytes_iter<K: AsRef<[u8]>, I: IntoIterator<Item = (K, usize)>>(
+        iter: I,
+        options: ZeroTrieBuilderOptions,
+    ) -> Result<Self, ZeroTrieBuildError> {
+        let items = Vec::<(K, usize)>::from_iter(iter);
+        let mut items = items
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(k, v)| (k.as_ref(), *v))
+            .collect::<Vec<(&[u8], usize)>>();
+        items.sort_by(|a, b| cmp_keys_values(options, *a, *b));
+        let ascii_str_slice = items.as_slice();
+        let byte_str_slice = ByteStr::from_byte_slice_with_value(ascii_str_slice);
+        Self::from_sorted_tuple_slice_impl(byte_str_slice, options)
+    }
+
+    /// Builds a ZeroTrie with the given items and options. Assumes that the items are sorted,
+    /// except for a case-insensitive trie where the items are re-sorted.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// May panic if the items are not sorted.
+    pub fn from_sorted_tuple_slice(
+        items: &[(&ByteStr, usize)],
+        options: ZeroTrieBuilderOptions,
+    ) -> Result<Self, ZeroTrieBuildError> {
+        let mut items = Cow::Borrowed(items);
+        if matches!(options.case_sensitivity, CaseSensitivity::IgnoreCase) {
+            // We need to re-sort the items with our custom comparator.
+            items.to_mut().sort_by(|a, b| {
+                cmp_keys_values(options, (a.0.as_bytes(), a.1), (b.0.as_bytes(), b.1))
+            });
+        }
+        Self::from_sorted_tuple_slice_impl(&items, options)
+    }
+
+    /// Internal constructor that does not re-sort the items.
+    fn from_sorted_tuple_slice_impl(
+        items: &[(&ByteStr, usize)],
+        options: ZeroTrieBuilderOptions,
+    ) -> Result<Self, ZeroTrieBuildError> {
+        #[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing)] // a debug assertion only
+        for ab in items.windows(2) {
+            debug_assert!(cmp_keys_values(
+                options,
+                (ab[0].0.as_bytes(), ab[0].1),
+                (ab[1].0.as_bytes(), ab[1].1)
+            )
+            .is_lt());
+        }
+        let mut result = Self {
+            data: S::atbs_new_empty(),
+            phf_cache: PerfectByteHashMapCacheOwned::new_empty(),
+            options,
+        };
+        let total_size = result.create(items)?;
+        debug_assert!(total_size == result.data.atbs_len());
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+
+    /// The actual builder algorithm. For an explanation, see [`crate::builder`].
+    #[expect(clippy::unwrap_used)] // lots of indexing, but all indexes should be in range
+    fn create(&mut self, all_items: &[(&ByteStr, usize)]) -> Result<usize, ZeroTrieBuildError> {
+        let mut prefix_len = match all_items.last() {
+            Some(x) => x.0.len(),
+            // Empty slice:
+            None => return Ok(0),
+        };
+        // Initialize the main loop to point at the last string.
+        let mut lengths_stack = NonConstLengthsStack::new();
+        let mut i = all_items.len() - 1;
+        let mut j = all_items.len();
+        let mut current_len = 0;
+        // Start the main loop.
+        loop {
+            let item_i = all_items.get(i).unwrap();
+            let item_j = all_items.get(j - 1).unwrap();
+            debug_assert!(item_i.0.prefix_eq(item_j.0, prefix_len));
+            // Check if we need to add a value node here.
+            if item_i.0.len() == prefix_len {
+                let len = self.prepend_value(item_i.1);
+                current_len += len;
+            }
+            if prefix_len == 0 {
+                // All done! Leave the main loop.
+                break;
+            }
+            // Reduce the prefix length by 1 and recalculate i and j.
+            prefix_len -= 1;
+            let mut new_i = i;
+            let mut new_j = j;
+            let mut ascii_i = item_i.0.byte_at_or_panic(prefix_len);
+            let mut ascii_j = item_j.0.byte_at_or_panic(prefix_len);
+            debug_assert_eq!(ascii_i, ascii_j);
+            let key_ascii = ascii_i;
+            loop {
+                if new_i == 0 {
+                    break;
+                }
+                let candidate = all_items.get(new_i - 1).unwrap().0;
+                if candidate.len() < prefix_len {
+                    // Too short
+                    break;
+                }
+                if item_i.0.prefix_eq(candidate, prefix_len) {
+                    new_i -= 1;
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+                if candidate.len() == prefix_len {
+                    // A string that equals the prefix does not take part in the branch node.
+                    break;
+                }
+                let candidate = candidate.byte_at_or_panic(prefix_len);
+                if candidate != ascii_i {
+                    ascii_i = candidate;
+                }
+            }
+            loop {
+                if new_j == all_items.len() {
+                    break;
+                }
+                let candidate = all_items.get(new_j).unwrap().0;
+                if candidate.len() < prefix_len {
+                    // Too short
+                    break;
+                }
+                if item_j.0.prefix_eq(candidate, prefix_len) {
+                    new_j += 1;
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+                if candidate.len() == prefix_len {
+                    unreachable!("A shorter string should be earlier in the sequence");
+                }
+                let candidate = candidate.byte_at_or_panic(prefix_len);
+                if candidate != ascii_j {
+                    ascii_j = candidate;
+                }
+            }
+            // If there are no different bytes at this prefix level, we can add an ASCII or Span
+            // node and then continue to the next iteration of the main loop.
+            if ascii_i == key_ascii && ascii_j == key_ascii {
+                let len = self.prepend_ascii(key_ascii)?;
+                current_len += len;
+                if matches!(self.options.case_sensitivity, CaseSensitivity::IgnoreCase)
+                    && i == new_i + 2
+                {
+                    // This can happen if two strings were picked up, each with a different case
+                    return Err(ZeroTrieBuildError::MixedCase);
+                }
+                debug_assert!(
+                    i == new_i || i == new_i + 1,
+                    "only the exact prefix string can be picked up at this level: {key_ascii}"
+                );
+                i = new_i;
+                debug_assert_eq!(j, new_j);
+                continue;
+            }
+            // If i and j changed, we are a target of a branch node.
+            if ascii_j == key_ascii {
+                // We are the _last_ target of a branch node.
+                lengths_stack.push(BranchMeta {
+                    ascii: key_ascii,
+                    cumulative_length: current_len,
+                    local_length: current_len,
+                    count: 1,
+                });
+            } else {
+                // We are the _not the last_ target of a branch node.
+                let BranchMeta {
+                    cumulative_length,
+                    count,
+                    ..
+                } = lengths_stack.peek_or_panic();
+                lengths_stack.push(BranchMeta {
+                    ascii: key_ascii,
+                    cumulative_length: cumulative_length + current_len,
+                    local_length: current_len,
+                    count: count + 1,
+                });
+            }
+            if ascii_i != key_ascii {
+                // We are _not the first_ target of a branch node.
+                // Set the cursor to the previous string and continue the loop.
+                j = i;
+                i -= 1;
+                prefix_len = all_items.get(i).unwrap().0.len();
+                current_len = 0;
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Branch (first)
+            // std::println!("lengths_stack: {lengths_stack:?}");
+            let (total_length, total_count) = {
+                let BranchMeta {
+                    cumulative_length,
+                    count,
+                    ..
+                } = lengths_stack.peek_or_panic();
+                (cumulative_length, count)
+            };
+            let mut branch_metas = lengths_stack.pop_many_or_panic(total_count);
+            let original_keys = branch_metas.map_to_ascii_bytes();
+            if matches!(self.options.case_sensitivity, CaseSensitivity::IgnoreCase) {
+                // Check to see if we have the same letter in two different cases
+                let mut seen_ascii_alpha = [false; 26];
+                for c in original_keys.as_const_slice().as_slice() {
+                    if c.is_ascii_alphabetic() {
+                        let i = (c.to_ascii_lowercase() - b'a') as usize;
+                        #[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing)] // 26 letters
+                        if seen_ascii_alpha[i] {
+                            return Err(ZeroTrieBuildError::MixedCase);
+                        } else {
+                            seen_ascii_alpha[i] = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            let use_phf = matches!(self.options.phf_mode, PhfMode::UsePhf);
+            let opt_phf_vec = if total_count > 15 && use_phf {
+                let phf_vec = self
+                    .phf_cache
+                    .try_get_or_insert(original_keys.as_const_slice().as_slice().to_vec())?;
+                // Put everything in order via bubble sort
+                // Note: branch_metas is stored in reverse order (0 = last element)
+                loop {
+                    let mut l = total_count - 1;
+                    let mut changes = 0;
+                    let mut start = 0;
+                    while l > 0 {
+                        let a = *branch_metas.as_const_slice().get_or_panic(l);
+                        let b = *branch_metas.as_const_slice().get_or_panic(l - 1);
+                        let a_idx = phf_vec.keys().iter().position(|x| x == &a.ascii).unwrap();
+                        let b_idx = phf_vec.keys().iter().position(|x| x == &b.ascii).unwrap();
+                        if a_idx > b_idx {
+                            // std::println!("{a:?} <=> {b:?} ({phf_vec:?})");
+                            // This method call won't panic because the ranges are valid.
+                            self.data.atbs_swap_ranges(
+                                start,
+                                start + a.local_length,
+                                start + a.local_length + b.local_length,
+                            );
+                            branch_metas = branch_metas.swap_or_panic(l - 1, l);
+                            start += b.local_length;
+                            changes += 1;
+                            // FIXME: fix the `length` field
+                        } else {
+                            start += a.local_length;
+                        }
+                        l -= 1;
+                    }
+                    if changes == 0 {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                Some(phf_vec)
+            } else {
+                None
+            };
+            // Write out the offset table
+            current_len = total_length;
+            const USIZE_BITS: usize = core::mem::size_of::<usize>() * 8;
+            let w = (USIZE_BITS - (total_length.leading_zeros() as usize) - 1) / 8;
+            if w > 3 && matches!(self.options.capacity_mode, CapacityMode::Normal) {
+                return Err(ZeroTrieBuildError::CapacityExceeded);
+            }
+            let mut k = 0;
+            while k <= w {
+                self.data.atbs_prepend_n_zeros(total_count - 1);
+                current_len += total_count - 1;
+                let mut l = 0;
+                let mut length_to_write = 0;
+                while l < total_count {
+                    let BranchMeta { local_length, .. } = *branch_metas
+                        .as_const_slice()
+                        .get_or_panic(total_count - l - 1);
+                    let mut adjusted_length = length_to_write;
+                    let mut m = 0;
+                    while m < k {
+                        adjusted_length >>= 8;
+                        m += 1;
+                    }
+                    if l > 0 {
+                        self.data.atbs_bitor_assign(l - 1, adjusted_length as u8);
+                    }
+                    l += 1;
+                    length_to_write += local_length;
+                }
+                k += 1;
+            }
+            // Write out the lookup table
+            assert!(0 < total_count && total_count <= 256);
+            let branch_value = (w << 8) + (total_count & 0xff);
+            if let Some(phf_vec) = opt_phf_vec {
+                self.data.atbs_extend_front(phf_vec.as_bytes());
+                let phf_len = phf_vec.as_bytes().len();
+                let branch_len = self.prepend_branch(branch_value);
+                current_len += phf_len + branch_len;
+            } else {
+                let search_len = self.prepend_slice(original_keys.as_slice());
+                let branch_len = self.prepend_branch(branch_value);
+                current_len += search_len + branch_len;
+            }
+            i = new_i;
+            j = new_j;
+        }
+        assert!(lengths_stack.is_empty());
+        Ok(current_len)
+    }
+}
+
+fn cmp_keys_values(
+    options: ZeroTrieBuilderOptions,
+    a: (&[u8], usize),
+    b: (&[u8], usize),
+) -> Ordering {
+    if matches!(options.case_sensitivity, CaseSensitivity::Sensitive) {
+        a.0.cmp(b.0)
+    } else {
+        let a_iter = a.0.iter().map(|x| x.to_ascii_lowercase());
+        let b_iter = b.0.iter().map(|x| x.to_ascii_lowercase());
+        Iterator::cmp(a_iter, b_iter)
+    }
+    .then_with(|| a.1.cmp(&b.1))
+}

vendor/zerotrie/src/builder/nonconst/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+mod builder;
+mod store;
+
+pub(crate) use builder::*;
+pub(crate) use store::TrieBuilderStore;

vendor/zerotrie/src/builder/nonconst/store.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+//! This module contains internal collections for the non-const builder.
+
+use super::super::branch_meta::BranchMeta;
+use super::super::konst::ConstArrayBuilder;
+use alloc::collections::VecDeque;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+/// A trait applied to a data structure for building a ZeroTrie.
+pub(crate) trait TrieBuilderStore {
+    /// Create a new empty store.
+    fn atbs_new_empty() -> Self;
+
+    /// Return the length in bytes of the store.
+    fn atbs_len(&self) -> usize;
+
+    /// Push a byte to the front of the store.
+    fn atbs_push_front(&mut self, byte: u8);
+
+    /// Push multiple bytes to the front of the store.
+    fn atbs_extend_front(&mut self, other: &[u8]);
+
+    /// Read the store into a `Vec<u8>`.
+    fn atbs_to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8>;
+
+    /// Perform the operation `self[index] |= bits`
+    fn atbs_bitor_assign(&mut self, index: usize, bits: u8);
+
+    /// Swap the adjacent ranges `self[start..mid]` and `self[mid..limit]`.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the specified ranges are invalid.
+    fn atbs_swap_ranges(&mut self, start: usize, mid: usize, limit: usize);
+
+    /// Remove and return the first element in the store, or `None` if empty.
+    fn atbs_pop_front(&mut self) -> Option<u8>;
+
+    /// Prepend `n` zeros to the front of the store.
+    fn atbs_prepend_n_zeros(&mut self, n: usize) {
+        let mut i = 0;
+        while i < n {
+            self.atbs_push_front(0);
+            i += 1;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TrieBuilderStore for VecDeque<u8> {
+    fn atbs_new_empty() -> Self {
+        VecDeque::new()
+    }
+    fn atbs_len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.len()
+    }
+    fn atbs_push_front(&mut self, byte: u8) {
+        self.push_front(byte);
+    }
+    fn atbs_extend_front(&mut self, other: &[u8]) {
+        self.reserve(other.len());
+        for b in other.iter().rev() {
+            self.push_front(*b);
+        }
+    }
+    fn atbs_to_bytes(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let mut v = Vec::with_capacity(self.len());
+        let (a, b) = self.as_slices();
+        v.extend(a);
+        v.extend(b);
+        v
+    }
+    fn atbs_bitor_assign(&mut self, index: usize, bits: u8) {
+        self[index] |= bits;
+    }
+    /// # Panics
+    /// Panics if the specified ranges are invalid.
+    #[allow(clippy::panic)] // documented
+    fn atbs_swap_ranges(&mut self, mut start: usize, mut mid: usize, mut limit: usize) {
+        if start > mid || mid > limit {
+            panic!("Invalid args to atbs_swap_ranges(): start > mid || mid > limit");
+        }
+        if limit > self.len() {
+            panic!(
+                "Invalid args to atbs_swap_ranges(): limit out of range: {limit} > {}",
+                self.len()
+            );
+        }
+        // The following algorithm is an in-place swap of two adjacent ranges of potentially
+        // different lengths. Would make a good coding interview question.
+        loop {
+            if start == mid || mid == limit {
+                return;
+            }
+            let len0 = mid - start;
+            let len1 = limit - mid;
+            let mut i = start;
+            let mut j = limit - core::cmp::min(len0, len1);
+            while j < limit {
+                self.swap(i, j);
+                i += 1;
+                j += 1;
+            }
+            if len0 < len1 {
+                mid = start + len0;
+                limit -= len0;
+            } else {
+                start += len1;
+                mid = limit - len1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    fn atbs_pop_front(&mut self) -> Option<u8> {
+        self.pop_front()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A data structure that holds any number of [`BranchMeta`] items.
+pub(crate) struct NonConstLengthsStack {
+    data: Vec<BranchMeta>,
+}
+
+impl core::fmt::Debug for NonConstLengthsStack {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        self.as_slice().fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl NonConstLengthsStack {
+    /// Creates a new empty [`NonConstLengthsStack`].
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { data: Vec::new() }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns whether the stack is empty.
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.data.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a [`BranchMeta`] to the stack.
+    pub fn push(&mut self, meta: BranchMeta) {
+        self.data.push(meta);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a copy of the [`BranchMeta`] on the top of the stack, panicking if
+    /// the stack is empty.
+    #[allow(clippy::unwrap_used)] // "panic" is in the method name
+    pub fn peek_or_panic(&self) -> BranchMeta {
+        *self.data.last().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// Removes many [`BranchMeta`]s from the stack, returning them in a [`ConstArrayBuilder`].
+    pub fn pop_many_or_panic(&mut self, len: usize) -> ConstArrayBuilder<256, BranchMeta> {
+        debug_assert!(len <= 256);
+        let mut result = ConstArrayBuilder::new_empty([BranchMeta::default(); 256], 256);
+        let mut ix = 0;
+        loop {
+            if ix == len {
+                break;
+            }
+            let i = self.data.len() - ix - 1;
+            // Won't panic because len <= 256
+            result = result.const_push_front_or_panic(match self.data.get(i) {
+                Some(x) => *x,
+                None => unreachable!("Not enough items in the ConstLengthsStack"),
+            });
+            ix += 1;
+        }
+        self.data.truncate(self.data.len() - len);
+        result
+    }
+
+    /// Non-const function that returns the initialized elements as a slice.
+    fn as_slice(&self) -> &[BranchMeta] {
+        &self.data
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_swap_ranges() {
+        let s = b"..abcdefghijkl=";
+        let mut s = s.iter().copied().collect::<VecDeque<u8>>();
+        s.atbs_swap_ranges(2, 7, 14);
+        assert_eq!(s.atbs_to_bytes(), b"..fghijklabcde=");
+    }
+}

vendor/zerotrie/src/byte_phf/builder.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+use super::*;
+use crate::error::ZeroTrieBuildError;
+use alloc::vec;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+/// To speed up the search algorithm, we limit the number of times the level-2 parameter (q)
+/// can hit its max value (initially Q_FAST_MAX) before we try the next level-1 parameter (p).
+/// In practice, this has a small impact on the resulting perfect hash, resulting in about
+/// 1 in 10000 hash maps that fall back to the slow path.
+const MAX_L2_SEARCH_MISSES: usize = 24;
+
+/// Directly compute the perfect hash function.
+///
+/// Returns `(p, [q_0, q_1, ..., q_(N-1)])`, or an error if the PHF could not be computed.
+#[allow(unused_labels)] // for readability
+#[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing)] // carefully reviewed to not panic
+pub fn find(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<(u8, Vec<u8>), ZeroTrieBuildError> {
+    let n_usize = bytes.len();
+
+    let mut p = 0u8;
+    let mut qq = vec![0u8; n_usize];
+
+    let mut bqs = vec![0u8; n_usize];
+    let mut seen = vec![false; n_usize];
+    let max_allowable_p = P_FAST_MAX;
+    let mut max_allowable_q = Q_FAST_MAX;
+
+    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+    let N = if n_usize > 0 && n_usize < 256 {
+        n_usize as u8
+    } else {
+        debug_assert!(n_usize == 0 || n_usize == 256);
+        return Ok((p, qq));
+    };
+
+    'p_loop: loop {
+        // Vec of tuples: (index, bucket count)
+        let mut buckets: Vec<(usize, Vec<u8>)> = (0..n_usize).map(|i| (i, vec![])).collect();
+        for byte in bytes {
+            let l1 = f1(*byte, p, N) as usize;
+            buckets[l1].1.push(*byte);
+        }
+        buckets.sort_by_key(|(_, v)| -(v.len() as isize));
+        // println!("New P: p={p:?}, buckets={buckets:?}");
+        let mut i = 0;
+        let mut num_max_q = 0;
+        bqs.fill(0);
+        seen.fill(false);
+        'q_loop: loop {
+            // Loop condition: exit when i is beyond the buckets length
+            if i == buckets.len() {
+                for (local_j, real_j) in buckets.iter().map(|(j, _)| *j).enumerate() {
+                    debug_assert!(local_j < n_usize); // comes from .enumerate()
+                    debug_assert!(real_j < n_usize); // first item of bucket tuple is an index
+                    qq[real_j] = bqs[local_j];
+                }
+                // println!("Success: p={p:?}, num_max_q={num_max_q:?}, bqs={bqs:?}, qq={qq:?}");
+                // if num_max_q > 0 {
+                //     println!("num_max_q={num_max_q:?}");
+                // }
+                return Ok((p, qq));
+            }
+            let mut bucket = buckets[i].1.as_slice();
+            'byte_loop: for (j, byte) in bucket.iter().enumerate() {
+                let l2 = f2(*byte, bqs[i], N) as usize;
+                if seen[l2] {
+                    // println!("Skipping Q: p={p:?}, i={i:?}, byte={byte:}, q={i:?}, l2={:?}", f2(*byte, bqs[i], N));
+                    for k_byte in &bucket[0..j] {
+                        let l2 = f2(*k_byte, bqs[i], N) as usize;
+                        assert!(seen[l2]);
+                        seen[l2] = false;
+                    }
+                    'reset_loop: loop {
+                        if bqs[i] < max_allowable_q {
+                            bqs[i] += 1;
+                            continue 'q_loop;
+                        }
+                        num_max_q += 1;
+                        bqs[i] = 0;
+                        if i == 0 || num_max_q > MAX_L2_SEARCH_MISSES {
+                            if p == max_allowable_p && max_allowable_q != Q_REAL_MAX {
+                                // println!("Could not solve fast function: trying again: {bytes:?}");
+                                max_allowable_q = Q_REAL_MAX;
+                                p = 0;
+                                continue 'p_loop;
+                            } else if p == max_allowable_p {
+                                // If a fallback algorithm for `p` is added, relax this assertion
+                                // and re-run the loop with a higher `max_allowable_p`.
+                                debug_assert_eq!(max_allowable_p, P_REAL_MAX);
+                                // println!("Could not solve PHF function");
+                                return Err(ZeroTrieBuildError::CouldNotSolvePerfectHash);
+                            } else {
+                                p += 1;
+                                continue 'p_loop;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        i -= 1;
+                        bucket = buckets[i].1.as_slice();
+                        for byte in bucket {
+                            let l2 = f2(*byte, bqs[i], N) as usize;
+                            assert!(seen[l2]);
+                            seen[l2] = false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // println!("Marking as seen: i={i:?}, byte={byte:}, l2={:?}", f2(*byte, bqs[i], N));
+                    let l2 = f2(*byte, bqs[i], N) as usize;
+                    seen[l2] = true;
+                }
+            }
+            // println!("Found Q: i={i:?}, q={:?}", bqs[i]);
+            i += 1;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl PerfectByteHashMap<Vec<u8>> {
+    /// Computes a new [`PerfectByteHashMap`].
+    ///
+    /// (this is a doc-hidden API)
+    #[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing)] // carefully reviewed to not panic
+    pub fn try_new(keys: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, ZeroTrieBuildError> {
+        let n_usize = keys.len();
+        let n = n_usize as u8;
+        let (p, mut qq) = find(keys)?;
+        let mut keys_permuted = vec![0; n_usize];
+        for key in keys {
+            let l1 = f1(*key, p, n) as usize;
+            let q = qq[l1];
+            let l2 = f2(*key, q, n) as usize;
+            keys_permuted[l2] = *key;
+        }
+        let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(n_usize * 2 + 1);
+        result.push(p);
+        result.append(&mut qq);
+        result.append(&mut keys_permuted);
+        Ok(Self(result))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    extern crate std;
+    use std::print;
+    use std::println;
+
+    fn print_byte_to_stdout(byte: u8) {
+        let c = char::from(byte);
+        if c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() {
+            print!("'{c}'");
+        } else {
+            print!("0x{byte:X}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn random_alphanums(seed: u64, len: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+        use rand::seq::SliceRandom;
+        use rand::SeedableRng;
+        let mut bytes: Vec<u8> =
+            b"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789".into();
+        let mut rng = rand_pcg::Lcg64Xsh32::seed_from_u64(seed);
+        bytes.partial_shuffle(&mut rng, len).0.into()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_random_distributions() {
+        let mut p_distr = vec![0; 256];
+        let mut q_distr = vec![0; 256];
+        for len in 0..50 {
+            for seed in 0..50 {
+                let bytes = random_alphanums(seed, len);
+                let (p, qq) = find(bytes.as_slice()).unwrap();
+                p_distr[p as usize] += 1;
+                for q in qq {
+                    q_distr[q as usize] += 1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        println!("p_distr: {p_distr:?}");
+        println!("q_distr: {q_distr:?}");
+
+        let fast_p = p_distr[0..=P_FAST_MAX as usize].iter().sum::<usize>();
+        let slow_p = p_distr[(P_FAST_MAX + 1) as usize..].iter().sum::<usize>();
+        let fast_q = q_distr[0..=Q_FAST_MAX as usize].iter().sum::<usize>();
+        let slow_q = q_distr[(Q_FAST_MAX + 1) as usize..].iter().sum::<usize>();
+
+        assert_eq!(2500, fast_p);
+        assert_eq!(0, slow_p);
+        assert_eq!(61243, fast_q);
+        assert_eq!(7, slow_q);
+
+        let bytes = random_alphanums(0, 16);
+
+        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+        let N = u8::try_from(bytes.len()).unwrap();
+
+        let (p, qq) = find(bytes.as_slice()).unwrap();
+
+        println!("Results:");
+        for byte in bytes.iter() {
+            print_byte_to_stdout(*byte);
+            let l1 = f1(*byte, p, N) as usize;
+            let q = qq[l1];
+            let l2 = f2(*byte, q, N) as usize;
+            println!(" => l1 {l1} => q {q} => l2 {l2}");
+        }
+    }
+}

vendor/zerotrie/src/byte_phf/cached_owned.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+use super::*;
+use crate::error::ZeroTrieBuildError;
+use alloc::collections::btree_map::Entry;
+use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+/// Helper class for caching the results of multiple [`PerfectByteHashMap`] calculations.
+pub struct PerfectByteHashMapCacheOwned {
+    // Note: This should probably be a HashMap but that isn't in `alloc`
+    data: BTreeMap<Vec<u8>, PerfectByteHashMap<Vec<u8>>>,
+}
+
+impl PerfectByteHashMapCacheOwned {
+    /// Creates a new empty instance.
+    pub fn new_empty() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            data: BTreeMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the [`PerfectByteHashMap`] for the given bytes, calculating it if necessary.
+    pub fn try_get_or_insert(
+        &mut self,
+        keys: Vec<u8>,
+    ) -> Result<&PerfectByteHashMap<[u8]>, ZeroTrieBuildError> {
+        let mut_phf = match self.data.entry(keys) {
+            Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
+                let value = PerfectByteHashMap::try_new(entry.key())?;
+                entry.insert(value)
+            }
+            Entry::Occupied(entry) => entry.into_mut(),
+        };
+        Ok(mut_phf.as_borrowed())
+    }
+}

vendor/zerotrie/src/byte_phf/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,485 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+#![allow(rustdoc::private_intra_doc_links)] // doc(hidden) module
+
+//! # Byte Perfect Hash Function Internals
+//!
+//! This module contains a perfect hash function (PHF) designed for a fast, compact perfect
+//! hash over 1 to 256 nodes (bytes).
+//!
+//! The PHF uses the following variables:
+//!
+//! 1. A single parameter `p`, which is 0 in about 98% of cases.
+//! 2. A list of `N` parameters `q_t`, one per _bucket_
+//! 3. The `N` keys in an arbitrary order determined by the PHF
+//!
+//! Reading a `key` from the PHF uses the following algorithm:
+//!
+//! 1. Let `t`, the bucket index, be `f1(key, p)`.
+//! 2. Let `i`, the key index, be `f2(key, q_t)`.
+//! 3. If `key == k_i`, return `Some(i)`; else return `None`.
+//!
+//! The functions [`f1`] and [`f2`] are internal to the PHF but should remain stable across
+//! serialization versions of `ZeroTrie`. They are very fast, constant-time operations as long
+//! as `p` <= [`P_FAST_MAX`] and `q` <= [`Q_FAST_MAX`]. In practice, nearly 100% of parameter
+//! values are in the fast range.
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use zerotrie::_internal::PerfectByteHashMap;
+//!
+//! let phf_example_bytes = [
+//!     // `p` parameter
+//!     1, // `q` parameters, one for each of the N buckets
+//!     0, 0, 1, 1, // Exact keys to be compared with the input
+//!     b'e', b'a', b'c', b'g',
+//! ];
+//!
+//! let phf = PerfectByteHashMap::from_bytes(&phf_example_bytes);
+//!
+//! // The PHF returns the index of the key or `None` if not found.
+//! assert_eq!(phf.get(b'a'), Some(1));
+//! assert_eq!(phf.get(b'b'), None);
+//! assert_eq!(phf.get(b'c'), Some(2));
+//! assert_eq!(phf.get(b'd'), None);
+//! assert_eq!(phf.get(b'e'), Some(0));
+//! assert_eq!(phf.get(b'f'), None);
+//! assert_eq!(phf.get(b'g'), Some(3));
+//! ```
+
+use crate::helpers::*;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+mod builder;
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+mod cached_owned;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+pub use cached_owned::PerfectByteHashMapCacheOwned;
+
+/// The cutoff for the fast version of [`f1`].
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")] // used in the builder code
+const P_FAST_MAX: u8 = 95;
+
+/// The cutoff for the fast version of [`f2`].
+const Q_FAST_MAX: u8 = 95;
+
+/// The maximum allowable value of `p`. This could be raised if found to be necessary.
+/// Values exceeding P_FAST_MAX could use a different `p` algorithm by modifying [`f1`].
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")] // used in the builder code
+const P_REAL_MAX: u8 = P_FAST_MAX;
+
+/// The maximum allowable value of `q`. This could be raised if found to be necessary.
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")] // used in the builder code
+const Q_REAL_MAX: u8 = 127;
+
+/// Calculates the function `f1` for the PHF. For the exact formula, please read the code.
+///
+/// When `p == 0`, the operation is a simple modulus.
+///
+/// The argument `n` is used only for taking the modulus so that the return value is
+/// in the range `[0, n)`.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use zerotrie::_internal::f1;
+/// const N: u8 = 10;
+///
+/// // With p = 0:
+/// assert_eq!(0, f1(0, 0, N));
+/// assert_eq!(1, f1(1, 0, N));
+/// assert_eq!(2, f1(2, 0, N));
+/// assert_eq!(9, f1(9, 0, N));
+/// assert_eq!(0, f1(10, 0, N));
+/// assert_eq!(1, f1(11, 0, N));
+/// assert_eq!(2, f1(12, 0, N));
+/// assert_eq!(9, f1(19, 0, N));
+///
+/// // With p = 1:
+/// assert_eq!(1, f1(0, 1, N));
+/// assert_eq!(0, f1(1, 1, N));
+/// assert_eq!(2, f1(2, 1, N));
+/// assert_eq!(2, f1(9, 1, N));
+/// assert_eq!(4, f1(10, 1, N));
+/// assert_eq!(5, f1(11, 1, N));
+/// assert_eq!(1, f1(12, 1, N));
+/// assert_eq!(7, f1(19, 1, N));
+/// ```
+#[inline]
+pub fn f1(byte: u8, p: u8, n: u8) -> u8 {
+    if n == 0 {
+        byte
+    } else if p == 0 {
+        byte % n
+    } else {
+        // `p` always uses the below constant-time operation. If needed, we
+        // could add some other operation here with `p > P_FAST_MAX` to solve
+        // difficult cases if the need arises.
+        let result = byte ^ p ^ byte.wrapping_shr(p as u32);
+        result % n
+    }
+}
+
+/// Calculates the function `f2` for the PHF. For the exact formula, please read the code.
+///
+/// When `q == 0`, the operation is a simple modulus.
+///
+/// The argument `n` is used only for taking the modulus so that the return value is
+/// in the range `[0, n)`.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use zerotrie::_internal::f2;
+/// const N: u8 = 10;
+///
+/// // With q = 0:
+/// assert_eq!(0, f2(0, 0, N));
+/// assert_eq!(1, f2(1, 0, N));
+/// assert_eq!(2, f2(2, 0, N));
+/// assert_eq!(9, f2(9, 0, N));
+/// assert_eq!(0, f2(10, 0, N));
+/// assert_eq!(1, f2(11, 0, N));
+/// assert_eq!(2, f2(12, 0, N));
+/// assert_eq!(9, f2(19, 0, N));
+///
+/// // With q = 1:
+/// assert_eq!(1, f2(0, 1, N));
+/// assert_eq!(0, f2(1, 1, N));
+/// assert_eq!(3, f2(2, 1, N));
+/// assert_eq!(8, f2(9, 1, N));
+/// assert_eq!(1, f2(10, 1, N));
+/// assert_eq!(0, f2(11, 1, N));
+/// assert_eq!(3, f2(12, 1, N));
+/// assert_eq!(8, f2(19, 1, N));
+/// ```
+#[inline]
+pub fn f2(byte: u8, q: u8, n: u8) -> u8 {
+    if n == 0 {
+        return byte;
+    }
+    let mut result = byte ^ q;
+    // In almost all cases, the PHF works with the above constant-time operation.
+    // However, to crack a few difficult cases, we fall back to the linear-time
+    // operation shown below.
+    for _ in Q_FAST_MAX..q {
+        result = result ^ (result << 1) ^ (result >> 1);
+    }
+    result % n
+}
+
+/// A constant-time map from bytes to unique indices.
+///
+/// Uses a perfect hash function (see module-level documentation). Does not support mutation.
+///
+/// Standard layout: P, N bytes of Q, N bytes of expected keys
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct PerfectByteHashMap<Store: ?Sized>(Store);
+
+impl<Store> PerfectByteHashMap<Store> {
+    /// Creates an instance from a pre-existing store. See [`Self::as_bytes`].
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn from_store(store: Store) -> Self {
+        Self(store)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Store> PerfectByteHashMap<Store>
+where
+    Store: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+{
+    /// Gets the usize for the given byte, or `None` if it is not in the map.
+    pub fn get(&self, key: u8) -> Option<usize> {
+        let (p, buffer) = self.0.as_ref().split_first()?;
+        // Note: there are N buckets followed by N keys
+        let n_usize = buffer.len() / 2;
+        if n_usize == 0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let n = n_usize as u8;
+        let (qq, eks) = buffer.debug_split_at(n_usize);
+        debug_assert_eq!(qq.len(), eks.len());
+        let l1 = f1(key, *p, n) as usize;
+        let q = debug_unwrap!(qq.get(l1), return None);
+        let l2 = f2(key, *q, n) as usize;
+        let ek = debug_unwrap!(eks.get(l2), return None);
+        if *ek == key {
+            Some(l2)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+    /// This is called `num_items` because `len` is ambiguous: it could refer
+    /// to the number of items or the number of bytes.
+    pub fn num_items(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0.as_ref().len() / 2
+    }
+    /// Get an iterator over the keys in the order in which they are stored in the map.
+    pub fn keys(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        let n = self.num_items();
+        self.0.as_ref().debug_split_at(1 + n).1
+    }
+    /// Diagnostic function that returns `p` and the maximum value of `q`
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub fn p_qmax(&self) -> Option<(u8, u8)> {
+        let (p, buffer) = self.0.as_ref().split_first()?;
+        let n = buffer.len() / 2;
+        if n == 0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let (qq, _) = buffer.debug_split_at(n);
+        Some((*p, *qq.iter().max().unwrap()))
+    }
+    /// Returns the map as bytes. The map can be recovered with [`Self::from_store`]
+    /// or [`Self::from_bytes`].
+    pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.0.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "alloc", test))]
+    pub(crate) fn check(&self) -> Result<(), (&'static str, u8)> {
+        use alloc::vec;
+        let len = self.num_items();
+        let mut seen = vec![false; len];
+        for b in 0..=255u8 {
+            let get_result = self.get(b);
+            if self.keys().contains(&b) {
+                let i = get_result.ok_or(("expected to find", b))?;
+                if seen[i] {
+                    return Err(("seen", b));
+                }
+                seen[i] = true;
+            } else if get_result.is_some() {
+                return Err(("did not expect to find", b));
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl PerfectByteHashMap<[u8]> {
+    /// Creates an instance from pre-existing bytes. See [`Self::as_bytes`].
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> &Self {
+        // Safety: Self is repr(transparent) over [u8]
+        unsafe { core::mem::transmute(bytes) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Store> PerfectByteHashMap<Store>
+where
+    Store: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+{
+    /// Converts from `PerfectByteHashMap<AsRef<[u8]>>` to `&PerfectByteHashMap<[u8]>`
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn as_borrowed(&self) -> &PerfectByteHashMap<[u8]> {
+        PerfectByteHashMap::from_bytes(self.0.as_ref())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(test, feature = "alloc"))]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use alloc::vec::Vec;
+    extern crate std;
+
+    fn random_alphanums(seed: u64, len: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+        use rand::seq::SliceRandom;
+        use rand::SeedableRng;
+
+        let mut bytes: Vec<u8> =
+            b"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789".into();
+        let mut rng = rand_pcg::Lcg64Xsh32::seed_from_u64(seed);
+        bytes.partial_shuffle(&mut rng, len).0.into()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_smaller() {
+        let mut count_by_p = [0; 256];
+        let mut count_by_qmax = [0; 256];
+        for len in 1..16 {
+            for seed in 0..150 {
+                let keys = random_alphanums(seed, len);
+                let keys_str = core::str::from_utf8(&keys).unwrap();
+                let computed = PerfectByteHashMap::try_new(&keys).expect(keys_str);
+                computed
+                    .check()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("{}", std::str::from_utf8(&keys).expect(keys_str)));
+                let (p, qmax) = computed.p_qmax().unwrap();
+                count_by_p[p as usize] += 1;
+                count_by_qmax[qmax as usize] += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        std::println!("count_by_p (smaller): {count_by_p:?}");
+        std::println!("count_by_qmax (smaller): {count_by_qmax:?}");
+        let count_fastq = count_by_qmax[0..=Q_FAST_MAX as usize].iter().sum::<usize>();
+        let count_slowq = count_by_qmax[Q_FAST_MAX as usize + 1..]
+            .iter()
+            .sum::<usize>();
+        std::println!("fastq/slowq: {count_fastq}/{count_slowq}");
+        // Assert that 99% of cases resolve to the fast hash
+        assert!(count_fastq >= count_slowq * 100);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_larger() {
+        let mut count_by_p = [0; 256];
+        let mut count_by_qmax = [0; 256];
+        for len in 16..60 {
+            for seed in 0..75 {
+                let keys = random_alphanums(seed, len);
+                let keys_str = core::str::from_utf8(&keys).unwrap();
+                let computed = PerfectByteHashMap::try_new(&keys).expect(keys_str);
+                computed
+                    .check()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("{}", std::str::from_utf8(&keys).expect(keys_str)));
+                let (p, qmax) = computed.p_qmax().unwrap();
+                count_by_p[p as usize] += 1;
+                count_by_qmax[qmax as usize] += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        std::println!("count_by_p (larger): {count_by_p:?}");
+        std::println!("count_by_qmax (larger): {count_by_qmax:?}");
+        let count_fastq = count_by_qmax[0..=Q_FAST_MAX as usize].iter().sum::<usize>();
+        let count_slowq = count_by_qmax[Q_FAST_MAX as usize + 1..]
+            .iter()
+            .sum::<usize>();
+        std::println!("fastq/slowq: {count_fastq}/{count_slowq}");
+        // Assert that 99% of cases resolve to the fast hash
+        assert!(count_fastq >= count_slowq * 100);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_hard_cases() {
+        let keys = [
+            0u8, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
+            24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,
+            46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,
+            68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89,
+            90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,
+            109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125,
+            126, 195, 196,
+        ];
+
+        let computed = PerfectByteHashMap::try_new(&keys).unwrap();
+        let (p, qmax) = computed.p_qmax().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(p, 69);
+        assert_eq!(qmax, 67);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_build_read_small() {
+        #[derive(Debug)]
+        struct TestCase<'a> {
+            keys: &'a str,
+            expected: &'a [u8],
+            reordered_keys: &'a str,
+        }
+        let cases = [
+            TestCase {
+                keys: "ab",
+                expected: &[0, 0, 0, b'b', b'a'],
+                reordered_keys: "ba",
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                keys: "abc",
+                expected: &[0, 0, 0, 0, b'c', b'a', b'b'],
+                reordered_keys: "cab",
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                // Note: splitting "a" and "c" into different buckets requires the heavier hash
+                // function because the difference between "a" and "c" is the period (2).
+                keys: "ac",
+                expected: &[1, 0, 1, b'c', b'a'],
+                reordered_keys: "ca",
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                keys: "aceg",
+                expected: &[1, 0, 0, 1, 1, b'e', b'a', b'c', b'g'],
+                reordered_keys: "eacg",
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                keys: "abd",
+                expected: &[0, 0, 1, 3, b'a', b'b', b'd'],
+                reordered_keys: "abd",
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                keys: "def",
+                expected: &[0, 0, 0, 0, b'f', b'd', b'e'],
+                reordered_keys: "fde",
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                keys: "fi",
+                expected: &[0, 0, 0, b'f', b'i'],
+                reordered_keys: "fi",
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                keys: "gh",
+                expected: &[0, 0, 0, b'h', b'g'],
+                reordered_keys: "hg",
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                keys: "lm",
+                expected: &[0, 0, 0, b'l', b'm'],
+                reordered_keys: "lm",
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                // Note: "a" and "q" (0x61 and 0x71) are very hard to split; only a handful of
+                // hash function crates can get them into separate buckets.
+                keys: "aq",
+                expected: &[4, 0, 1, b'a', b'q'],
+                reordered_keys: "aq",
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                keys: "xy",
+                expected: &[0, 0, 0, b'x', b'y'],
+                reordered_keys: "xy",
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                keys: "xyz",
+                expected: &[0, 0, 0, 0, b'x', b'y', b'z'],
+                reordered_keys: "xyz",
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                keys: "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz",
+                expected: &[
+                    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 10, 12, 16, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 8, 4, 4, 4, 16,
+                    16, 16, 16, 16, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1,
+                    2, 0, 7, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 117, 118, 119, 68, 69,
+                    70, 113, 114, 65, 66, 67, 120, 121, 122, 115, 72, 73, 74, 71, 80, 81, 82, 83,
+                    84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 103, 97, 98, 99, 116, 100, 102,
+                    101,
+                ],
+                reordered_keys: "hijklmnopuvwDEFqrABCxyzsHIJGPQRSTUVWXYZKLMNOgabctdfe",
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                keys: "abcdefghij",
+                expected: &[
+                    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 97, 98, 99,
+                ],
+                reordered_keys: "defghijabc",
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                // This is a small case that resolves to the slow hasher
+                keys: "Jbej",
+                expected: &[2, 0, 0, 102, 0, b'j', b'e', b'b', b'J'],
+                reordered_keys: "jebJ",
+            },
+            TestCase {
+                // This is another small case that resolves to the slow hasher
+                keys: "JFNv",
+                expected: &[1, 98, 0, 2, 0, b'J', b'F', b'N', b'v'],
+                reordered_keys: "JFNv",
+            },
+        ];
+        for cas in cases {
+            let computed = PerfectByteHashMap::try_new(cas.keys.as_bytes()).expect(cas.keys);
+            assert_eq!(computed.as_bytes(), cas.expected, "{cas:?}");
+            assert_eq!(computed.keys(), cas.reordered_keys.as_bytes(), "{cas:?}");
+            computed.check().expect(cas.keys);
+        }
+    }
+}

vendor/zerotrie/src/cursor.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,491 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+//! Types for walking stepwise through a trie.
+//!
+//! For examples, see the `.cursor()` functions
+//! and the `Cursor` types in this module.
+
+use crate::reader;
+use crate::ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie;
+use crate::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+
+use core::fmt;
+
+impl<Store> ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<Store>
+where
+    Store: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+{
+    /// Gets a cursor into the current trie.
+    ///
+    /// Useful to query a trie with data that is not a slice.
+    ///
+    /// This is currently supported only on [`ZeroTrieSimpleAscii`]
+    /// and [`ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Get a value out of a trie by [writing](fmt::Write) it to the cursor:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use core::fmt::Write;
+    /// use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+    ///
+    /// // A trie with two values: "abc" and "abcdef"
+    /// let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_bytes(b"abc\x80def\x81");
+    ///
+    /// // Get out the value for "abc"
+    /// let mut cursor = trie.cursor();
+    /// write!(&mut cursor, "abc");
+    /// assert_eq!(cursor.take_value(), Some(0));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Find the longest prefix match:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+    ///
+    /// // A trie with two values: "abc" and "abcdef"
+    /// let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_bytes(b"abc\x80def\x81");
+    ///
+    /// // Find the longest prefix of the string "abcdxy":
+    /// let query = b"abcdxy";
+    /// let mut longest_prefix = 0;
+    /// let mut cursor = trie.cursor();
+    /// for (i, b) in query.iter().enumerate() {
+    ///     // Checking is_empty() is not required, but it is
+    ///     // good for efficiency
+    ///     if cursor.is_empty() {
+    ///         break;
+    ///     }
+    ///     if cursor.take_value().is_some() {
+    ///         longest_prefix = i;
+    ///     }
+    ///     cursor.step(*b);
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// // The longest prefix is "abc" which is length 3:
+    /// assert_eq!(longest_prefix, 3);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn cursor(&self) -> ZeroTrieSimpleAsciiCursor<'_> {
+        ZeroTrieSimpleAsciiCursor {
+            trie: self.as_borrowed_slice(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Store> ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie<Store>
+where
+    Store: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+{
+    /// Gets a cursor into the current trie.
+    ///
+    /// Useful to query a trie with data that is not a slice.
+    ///
+    /// This is currently supported only on [`ZeroTrieSimpleAscii`]
+    /// and [`ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Get a value out of a trie by [writing](fmt::Write) it to the cursor:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use core::fmt::Write;
+    /// use zerotrie::ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie;
+    ///
+    /// // A trie with two values: "aBc" and "aBcdEf"
+    /// let trie = ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie::from_bytes(b"aBc\x80dEf\x81");
+    ///
+    /// // Get out the value for "abc" (case-insensitive!)
+    /// let mut cursor = trie.cursor();
+    /// write!(&mut cursor, "abc");
+    /// assert_eq!(cursor.take_value(), Some(0));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// For more examples, see [`ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::cursor`].
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn cursor(&self) -> ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrieCursor<'_> {
+        ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrieCursor {
+            trie: self.as_borrowed_slice(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<&'a [u8]> {
+    /// Same as [`ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::cursor()`] but moves self to avoid
+    /// having to doubly anchor the trie to the stack.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn into_cursor(self) -> ZeroTrieSimpleAsciiCursor<'a> {
+        ZeroTrieSimpleAsciiCursor { trie: self }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie<&'a [u8]> {
+    /// Same as [`ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie::cursor()`] but moves self to avoid
+    /// having to doubly anchor the trie to the stack.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn into_cursor(self) -> ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrieCursor<'a> {
+        ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrieCursor { trie: self }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A cursor into a [`ZeroTrieSimpleAscii`], useful for stepwise lookup.
+///
+/// For examples, see [`ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::cursor()`].
+// Clone but not Copy: <https://stackoverflow.com/q/32324251/1407170>
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ZeroTrieSimpleAsciiCursor<'a> {
+    trie: ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<&'a [u8]>,
+}
+
+/// A cursor into a [`ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie`], useful for stepwise lookup.
+///
+/// For examples, see [`ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie::cursor()`].
+// Clone but not Copy: <https://stackoverflow.com/q/32324251/1407170>
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrieCursor<'a> {
+    trie: ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie<&'a [u8]>,
+}
+
+/// Information about a probed edge.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[non_exhaustive] // no need to destructure or construct this in userland
+pub struct AsciiProbeResult {
+    /// The character's byte value between this node and its parent.
+    pub byte: u8,
+    /// The number of siblings of this node, _including itself_.
+    pub total_siblings: u8,
+}
+
+impl ZeroTrieSimpleAsciiCursor<'_> {
+    /// Steps the cursor one character into the trie based on the character's byte value.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Unrolled loop checking for string presence at every step:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+    ///
+    /// // A trie with two values: "abc" and "abcdef"
+    /// let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_bytes(b"abc\x80def\x81");
+    ///
+    /// // Search the trie for the string "abcdxy"
+    /// let mut cursor = trie.cursor();
+    /// assert_eq!(cursor.take_value(), None); // ""
+    /// cursor.step(b'a');
+    /// assert_eq!(cursor.take_value(), None); // "a"
+    /// cursor.step(b'b');
+    /// assert_eq!(cursor.take_value(), None); // "ab"
+    /// cursor.step(b'c');
+    /// assert_eq!(cursor.take_value(), Some(0)); // "abc"
+    /// cursor.step(b'd');
+    /// assert_eq!(cursor.take_value(), None); // "abcd"
+    /// assert!(!cursor.is_empty());
+    /// cursor.step(b'x'); // no strings have the prefix "abcdx"
+    /// assert!(cursor.is_empty());
+    /// assert_eq!(cursor.take_value(), None); // "abcdx"
+    /// cursor.step(b'y');
+    /// assert_eq!(cursor.take_value(), None); // "abcdxy"
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// If the byte is not ASCII, the cursor will become empty:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+    ///
+    /// // A trie with two values: "abc" and "abcdef"
+    /// let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_bytes(b"abc\x80def\x81");
+    ///
+    /// let mut cursor = trie.cursor();
+    /// assert_eq!(cursor.take_value(), None); // ""
+    /// cursor.step(b'a');
+    /// assert_eq!(cursor.take_value(), None); // "a"
+    /// cursor.step(b'b');
+    /// assert_eq!(cursor.take_value(), None); // "ab"
+    /// cursor.step(b'\xFF');
+    /// assert!(cursor.is_empty());
+    /// assert_eq!(cursor.take_value(), None);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn step(&mut self, byte: u8) {
+        reader::step_parameterized::<ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<[u8]>>(&mut self.trie.store, byte);
+    }
+
+    /// Takes the value at the current position.
+    ///
+    /// Calling this function on a new cursor is equivalent to calling `.get()`
+    /// with the empty string (except that it can only be called once).
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+    ///
+    /// // A trie with two values: "" and "abc"
+    /// let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_bytes(b"\x80abc\x81");
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(Some(0), trie.get(""));
+    /// let mut cursor = trie.cursor();
+    /// assert_eq!(Some(0), cursor.take_value());
+    /// assert_eq!(None, cursor.take_value());
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn take_value(&mut self) -> Option<usize> {
+        reader::take_value(&mut self.trie.store)
+    }
+
+    /// Steps the cursor one character into the trie based on an edge index,
+    /// returning the corresponding character as a byte.
+    ///
+    /// This function is similar to [`Self::step()`], but it takes an index instead of a char.
+    /// This enables stepwise iteration over the contents of the trie.
+    ///
+    /// If there are multiple possibilities for the next byte, the `index` argument allows
+    /// visiting them in order. Since this function steps the cursor, the cursor must be
+    /// cloned (a cheap operation) in order to visit multiple children.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Continually query index 0 to extract the first item from a trie:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+    ///
+    /// let data: &[(String, usize)] = &[
+    ///     ("ab".to_string(), 111),
+    ///     ("abcxyz".to_string(), 22),
+    ///     ("abde".to_string(), 333),
+    ///     ("afg".to_string(), 44),
+    /// ];
+    ///
+    /// let trie: ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<Vec<u8>> =
+    ///     data.iter().map(|(s, v)| (s.as_str(), *v)).collect();
+    ///
+    /// let mut cursor = trie.cursor();
+    /// let mut key = String::new();
+    /// let value = loop {
+    ///     if let Some(value) = cursor.take_value() {
+    ///         break value;
+    ///     }
+    ///     let probe_result = cursor.probe(0).unwrap();
+    ///     key.push(char::from(probe_result.byte));
+    /// };
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(key, "ab");
+    /// assert_eq!(value, 111);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Stepwise iterate over all entries in the trie:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+    /// # let data: &[(String, usize)] = &[
+    /// #     ("ab".to_string(), 111),
+    /// #     ("abcxyz".to_string(), 22),
+    /// #     ("abde".to_string(), 333),
+    /// #     ("afg".to_string(), 44)
+    /// # ];
+    /// # let trie: ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<Vec<u8>> = data
+    /// #     .iter()
+    /// #     .map(|(s, v)| (s.as_str(), *v))
+    /// #     .collect();
+    /// // (trie built as in previous example)
+    ///
+    /// // Initialize the iteration at the first child of the trie.
+    /// let mut stack = Vec::from([(trie.cursor(), 0, 0)]);
+    /// let mut key = Vec::new();
+    /// let mut results = Vec::new();
+    /// loop {
+    ///     let Some((mut cursor, index, suffix_len)) = stack.pop() else {
+    ///         // Nothing left in the trie.
+    ///         break;
+    ///     };
+    ///     // Check to see if there is a value at the current node.
+    ///     if let Some(value) = cursor.take_value() {
+    ///         results.push((String::from_utf8(key.clone()).unwrap(), value));
+    ///     }
+    ///     // Now check for children of the current node.
+    ///     let mut sub_cursor = cursor.clone();
+    ///     if let Some(probe_result) = sub_cursor.probe(index) {
+    ///         // Found a child. Add the current byte edge to the key.
+    ///         key.push(probe_result.byte);
+    ///         // Add the child to the stack, and also add back the current
+    ///         // node if there are more siblings to visit.
+    ///         if index + 1 < probe_result.total_siblings as usize {
+    ///             stack.push((cursor, index + 1, suffix_len));
+    ///             stack.push((sub_cursor, 0, 1));
+    ///         } else {
+    ///             stack.push((sub_cursor, 0, suffix_len + 1));
+    ///         }
+    ///     } else {
+    ///         // No more children. Pop this node's bytes from the key.
+    ///         for _ in 0..suffix_len {
+    ///             key.pop();
+    ///         }
+    ///     }
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(&results, data);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn probe(&mut self, index: usize) -> Option<AsciiProbeResult> {
+        reader::probe_parameterized::<ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<[u8]>>(&mut self.trie.store, index)
+    }
+
+    /// Checks whether the cursor points to an empty trie.
+    ///
+    /// Use this to determine when to stop iterating.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.trie.is_empty()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrieCursor<'_> {
+    /// Steps the cursor one byte into the trie.
+    ///
+    /// Returns the byte if matched, which may be a different case than the input byte.
+    /// If this function returns `None`, any lookup loops can be terminated.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Normalize the case of a value by stepping through an ignore-case trie:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::borrow::Cow;
+    /// use zerotrie::ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie;
+    ///
+    /// // A trie with two values: "aBc" and "aBcdEf"
+    /// let trie = ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie::from_bytes(b"aBc\x80dEf\x81");
+    ///
+    /// // Get out the value for "abc" and normalize the key string
+    /// let mut cursor = trie.cursor();
+    /// let mut key_str = Cow::Borrowed("abc".as_bytes());
+    /// let mut i = 0;
+    /// let value = loop {
+    ///     let Some(&input_byte) = key_str.get(i) else {
+    ///         break cursor.take_value();
+    ///     };
+    ///     let Some(matched_byte) = cursor.step(input_byte) else {
+    ///         break None;
+    ///     };
+    ///     if matched_byte != input_byte {
+    ///         key_str.to_mut()[i] = matched_byte;
+    ///     }
+    ///     i += 1;
+    /// };
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(value, Some(0));
+    /// assert_eq!(&*key_str, "aBc".as_bytes());
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// For more examples, see [`ZeroTrieSimpleAsciiCursor::step`].
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn step(&mut self, byte: u8) -> Option<u8> {
+        reader::step_parameterized::<ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie<[u8]>>(&mut self.trie.store, byte)
+    }
+
+    /// Takes the value at the current position.
+    ///
+    /// For more details, see [`ZeroTrieSimpleAsciiCursor::take_value`].
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn take_value(&mut self) -> Option<usize> {
+        reader::take_value(&mut self.trie.store)
+    }
+
+    /// Probes the next byte in the cursor.
+    ///
+    /// For more details, see [`ZeroTrieSimpleAsciiCursor::probe`].
+    pub fn probe(&mut self, index: usize) -> Option<AsciiProbeResult> {
+        reader::probe_parameterized::<ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie<[u8]>>(&mut self.trie.store, index)
+    }
+
+    /// Checks whether the cursor points to an empty trie.
+    ///
+    /// For more details, see [`ZeroTrieSimpleAsciiCursor::is_empty`].
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.trie.is_empty()
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Write for ZeroTrieSimpleAsciiCursor<'_> {
+    /// Steps the cursor through each ASCII byte of the string.
+    ///
+    /// If the string contains non-ASCII chars, an error is returned.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use core::fmt::Write;
+    /// use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+    ///
+    /// // A trie with two values: "abc" and "abcdef"
+    /// let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_bytes(b"abc\x80def\x81");
+    ///
+    /// let mut cursor = trie.cursor();
+    /// cursor.write_str("abcdxy").expect("all ASCII");
+    /// cursor.write_str("🚂").expect_err("non-ASCII");
+    /// ```
+    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+        for b in s.bytes() {
+            if !b.is_ascii() {
+                return Err(fmt::Error);
+            }
+            self.step(b);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Equivalent to [`ZeroTrieSimpleAsciiCursor::step()`], except returns
+    /// an error if the char is non-ASCII.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use core::fmt::Write;
+    /// use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+    ///
+    /// // A trie with two values: "abc" and "abcdef"
+    /// let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_bytes(b"abc\x80def\x81");
+    ///
+    /// let mut cursor = trie.cursor();
+    /// cursor.write_char('a').expect("ASCII");
+    /// cursor.write_char('x').expect("ASCII");
+    /// cursor.write_char('🚂').expect_err("non-ASCII");
+    /// ```
+    fn write_char(&mut self, c: char) -> fmt::Result {
+        if !c.is_ascii() {
+            return Err(fmt::Error);
+        }
+        self.step(c as u8);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Write for ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrieCursor<'_> {
+    /// Steps the cursor through each ASCII byte of the string.
+    ///
+    /// If the string contains non-ASCII chars, an error is returned.
+    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+        for b in s.bytes() {
+            if !b.is_ascii() {
+                return Err(fmt::Error);
+            }
+            self.step(b);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Equivalent to [`ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrieCursor::step()`], except returns
+    /// an error if the char is non-ASCII.
+    fn write_char(&mut self, c: char) -> fmt::Result {
+        if !c.is_ascii() {
+            return Err(fmt::Error);
+        }
+        self.step(c as u8);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}

vendor/zerotrie/src/error.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+use displaydoc::Display;
+
+/// Error types for the `zerotrie` crate.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Display)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum ZeroTrieBuildError {
+    /// Non-ASCII data was added to an ASCII-only trie.
+    #[displaydoc("Non-ASCII cannot be added to an ASCII-only trie")]
+    NonAsciiError,
+    /// The trie reached its maximum supported capacity.
+    #[displaydoc("Reached maximum capacity of trie")]
+    CapacityExceeded,
+    /// The builder could not solve the perfect hash function.
+    #[displaydoc("Failed to solve the perfect hash function. This is rare! Please report your case to the ICU4X team.")]
+    CouldNotSolvePerfectHash,
+    /// Mixed-case data was added to a case-insensitive trie.
+    #[displaydoc("Mixed-case data added to case-insensitive trie")]
+    MixedCase,
+}
+
+impl core::error::Error for ZeroTrieBuildError {}

vendor/zerotrie/src/helpers.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+pub(crate) trait MaybeSplitAt<T> {
+    /// Like slice::split_at but debug-panics and returns an empty second slice
+    /// if the index is out of range.
+    fn debug_split_at(&self, mid: usize) -> (&Self, &Self);
+}
+
+impl<T> MaybeSplitAt<T> for [T] {
+    #[inline]
+    fn debug_split_at(&self, mid: usize) -> (&Self, &Self) {
+        self.split_at_checked(mid).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            debug_assert!(false, "debug_split_at: {mid} expected to be in range");
+            (self, &[])
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) trait DebugUnwrapOr<T> {
+    /// Unwraps the option or panics in debug mode, returning the `gigo_value`
+    fn debug_unwrap_or(self, gigo_value: T) -> T;
+}
+
+impl<T> DebugUnwrapOr<T> for Option<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn debug_unwrap_or(self, gigo_value: T) -> T {
+        match self {
+            Some(x) => x,
+            None => {
+                debug_assert!(false, "debug_unwrap_or called on a None value");
+                gigo_value
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! debug_unwrap {
+    ($expr:expr, return $retval:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => {
+        match $expr {
+            Some(x) => x,
+            None => {
+                debug_assert!(false, $($arg)*);
+                return $retval;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    ($expr:expr, return $retval:expr) => {
+        debug_unwrap!($expr, return $retval, "invalid trie")
+    };
+    ($expr:expr, break, $($arg:tt)+) => {
+        match $expr {
+            Some(x) => x,
+            None => {
+                debug_assert!(false, $($arg)*);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    ($expr:expr, break) => {
+        debug_unwrap!($expr, break, "invalid trie")
+    };
+    ($expr:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => {
+        debug_unwrap!($expr, return (), $($arg)*)
+    };
+    ($expr:expr) => {
+        debug_unwrap!($expr, return ())
+    };
+}
+
+pub(crate) use debug_unwrap;
+
+/// The maximum number of base-10 digits required for rendering a usize.
+/// Note: 24/10 is an approximation of 8*log10(2)
+pub(crate) const MAX_USIZE_LEN_AS_DIGITS: usize = core::mem::size_of::<usize>() * 24 / 10 + 1;
+
+/// Formats a usize as a string of length N, padded with spaces,
+/// with the given prefix.
+///
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// If the string is too short, the function may panic. To prevent
+/// this, N should be MAX_USIZE_LEN_AS_DIGITS larger than M.
+#[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing)] // documented, and based on const parameters
+pub(crate) const fn const_fmt_int<const M: usize, const N: usize>(
+    prefix: [u8; M],
+    value: usize,
+) -> [u8; N] {
+    let mut output = [b' '; N];
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i < M {
+        output[i] = prefix[i];
+        i += 1;
+    }
+    let mut int_only = [b' '; MAX_USIZE_LEN_AS_DIGITS];
+    let mut value = value;
+    let mut i = MAX_USIZE_LEN_AS_DIGITS - 1;
+    loop {
+        let x = (value % 10) as u8;
+        int_only[i] = x + b'0';
+        value /= 10;
+        if value == 0 {
+            break;
+        }
+        i -= 1;
+    }
+    let mut j = M;
+    while i < MAX_USIZE_LEN_AS_DIGITS {
+        output[j] = int_only[i];
+        j += 1;
+        i += 1;
+    }
+    output
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_const_fmt_int() {
+    assert_eq!(*b"123", const_fmt_int::<0, 3>(*b"", 123));
+    assert_eq!(*b"123   ", const_fmt_int::<0, 6>(*b"", 123));
+    assert_eq!(*b"abc123", const_fmt_int::<3, 6>(*b"abc", 123));
+}

vendor/zerotrie/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+//! A data structure offering zero-copy storage and retrieval of byte strings, with a focus
+//! on the efficient storage of ASCII strings. Strings are mapped to `usize` values.
+//!
+//! [`ZeroTrie`] does not support mutation because doing so would require recomputing the entire
+//! data structure. Instead, it supports conversion to and from [`LiteMap`] and [`BTreeMap`].
+//!
+//! There are multiple variants of [`ZeroTrie`] optimized for different use cases.
+//!
+//! # Examples
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use zerotrie::ZeroTrie;
+//!
+//! let data: &[(&str, usize)] = &[("abc", 11), ("xyz", 22), ("axyb", 33)];
+//!
+//! let trie: ZeroTrie<Vec<u8>> = data.iter().copied().collect();
+//!
+//! assert_eq!(trie.get("axyb"), Some(33));
+//! assert_eq!(trie.byte_len(), 18);
+//! ```
+//!
+//! # Internal Structure
+//!
+//! To read about the internal structure of [`ZeroTrie`], build the docs with private modules:
+//!
+//! ```bash
+//! cargo doc --document-private-items --all-features --no-deps --open
+//! ```
+//!
+//! [`LiteMap`]: litemap::LiteMap
+//! [`BTreeMap`]: alloc::collections::BTreeMap
+
+// https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/documents/process/boilerplate.md#library-annotations
+#![cfg_attr(not(any(test, doc)), no_std)]
+#![cfg_attr(
+    not(test),
+    deny(
+        clippy::indexing_slicing,
+        clippy::unwrap_used,
+        clippy::expect_used,
+        clippy::panic,
+        clippy::exhaustive_structs,
+        clippy::exhaustive_enums,
+        clippy::trivially_copy_pass_by_ref,
+        missing_debug_implementations,
+    )
+)]
+#![warn(missing_docs)]
+
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+extern crate alloc;
+
+mod builder;
+mod byte_phf;
+pub mod cursor;
+mod error;
+#[macro_use]
+mod helpers;
+mod options;
+mod reader;
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+mod serde;
+mod varint;
+mod zerotrie;
+
+pub use crate::zerotrie::ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie;
+pub use crate::zerotrie::ZeroTrie;
+pub use crate::zerotrie::ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity;
+pub use crate::zerotrie::ZeroTriePerfectHash;
+pub use crate::zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+pub use error::ZeroTrieBuildError;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+pub use crate::zerotrie::ZeroTrieStringIterator;
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+pub use reader::ZeroTrieIterator;
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub mod _internal {
+    pub use crate::byte_phf::f1;
+    pub use crate::byte_phf::f2;
+    pub use crate::byte_phf::PerfectByteHashMap;
+}

vendor/zerotrie/src/options.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+//! Options for building and reading from a ZeroTrie.
+//!
+//! These options are internal to the crate. A small selection of options
+//! are exported by way of the different public types on this crate.
+
+/// Whether to use the perfect hash function in the ZeroTrie.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub(crate) enum PhfMode {
+    /// Use binary search for all branch nodes.
+    BinaryOnly,
+    /// Use the perfect hash function for large branch nodes.
+    UsePhf,
+}
+
+impl PhfMode {
+    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+    const fn to_u8_flag(self) -> u8 {
+        match self {
+            Self::BinaryOnly => 0,
+            Self::UsePhf => 0x1,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether to support non-ASCII data in the ZeroTrie.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub(crate) enum AsciiMode {
+    /// Support only ASCII, returning an error if non-ASCII is found.
+    AsciiOnly,
+    /// Support all data, creating span nodes for non-ASCII bytes.
+    BinarySpans,
+}
+
+impl AsciiMode {
+    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+    const fn to_u8_flag(self) -> u8 {
+        match self {
+            Self::AsciiOnly => 0,
+            Self::BinarySpans => 0x2,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether to enforce a limit to the capacity of the ZeroTrie.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub(crate) enum CapacityMode {
+    /// Return an error if the trie requires a branch of more than 2^32 bytes.
+    Normal,
+    /// Construct the trie without returning an error.
+    Extended,
+}
+
+impl CapacityMode {
+    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+    const fn to_u8_flag(self) -> u8 {
+        match self {
+            Self::Normal => 0,
+            Self::Extended => 0x4,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// How to handle strings with mixed ASCII case at a node, such as "abc" and "Abc"
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub(crate) enum CaseSensitivity {
+    /// Allow all strings and sort them by byte value.
+    Sensitive,
+    /// Reject strings with different case and sort them as if `to_ascii_lowercase` is called.
+    IgnoreCase,
+}
+
+impl CaseSensitivity {
+    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+    const fn to_u8_flag(self) -> u8 {
+        match self {
+            Self::Sensitive => 0,
+            Self::IgnoreCase => 0x8,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct ZeroTrieBuilderOptions {
+    pub phf_mode: PhfMode,
+    pub ascii_mode: AsciiMode,
+    pub capacity_mode: CapacityMode,
+    pub case_sensitivity: CaseSensitivity,
+}
+
+impl ZeroTrieBuilderOptions {
+    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+    pub(crate) const fn to_u8_flags(self) -> u8 {
+        self.phf_mode.to_u8_flag()
+            | self.ascii_mode.to_u8_flag()
+            | self.capacity_mode.to_u8_flag()
+            | self.case_sensitivity.to_u8_flag()
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) trait ZeroTrieWithOptions {
+    const OPTIONS: ZeroTrieBuilderOptions;
+}
+
+/// All branch nodes are binary search
+/// and there are no span nodes.
+impl<S: ?Sized> ZeroTrieWithOptions for crate::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<S> {
+    const OPTIONS: ZeroTrieBuilderOptions = ZeroTrieBuilderOptions {
+        phf_mode: PhfMode::BinaryOnly,
+        ascii_mode: AsciiMode::AsciiOnly,
+        capacity_mode: CapacityMode::Normal,
+        case_sensitivity: CaseSensitivity::Sensitive,
+    };
+}
+
+impl<S: ?Sized> crate::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<S> {
+    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+    pub(crate) const FLAGS: u8 = Self::OPTIONS.to_u8_flags();
+}
+
+/// All branch nodes are binary search
+/// and nodes use case-insensitive matching.
+impl<S: ?Sized> ZeroTrieWithOptions for crate::ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie<S> {
+    const OPTIONS: ZeroTrieBuilderOptions = ZeroTrieBuilderOptions {
+        phf_mode: PhfMode::BinaryOnly,
+        ascii_mode: AsciiMode::AsciiOnly,
+        capacity_mode: CapacityMode::Normal,
+        case_sensitivity: CaseSensitivity::IgnoreCase,
+    };
+}
+
+/// Branch nodes could be either binary search or PHF.
+impl<S: ?Sized> ZeroTrieWithOptions for crate::ZeroTriePerfectHash<S> {
+    const OPTIONS: ZeroTrieBuilderOptions = ZeroTrieBuilderOptions {
+        phf_mode: PhfMode::UsePhf,
+        ascii_mode: AsciiMode::BinarySpans,
+        capacity_mode: CapacityMode::Normal,
+        case_sensitivity: CaseSensitivity::Sensitive,
+    };
+}
+
+/// No limited capacity assertion.
+impl<S: ?Sized> ZeroTrieWithOptions for crate::ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity<S> {
+    const OPTIONS: ZeroTrieBuilderOptions = ZeroTrieBuilderOptions {
+        phf_mode: PhfMode::UsePhf,
+        ascii_mode: AsciiMode::BinarySpans,
+        capacity_mode: CapacityMode::Extended,
+        case_sensitivity: CaseSensitivity::Sensitive,
+    };
+}

vendor/zerotrie/src/reader.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,731 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+//! # Internal layout of ZeroTrie
+//!
+//! A ZeroTrie is composed of a series of nodes stored in sequence in a byte slice.
+//!
+//! There are 4 types of nodes:
+//!
+//! 1. ASCII (`0xxxxxxx`): matches a literal ASCII byte.
+//! 2. Span (`101xxxxx`): matches a span of non-ASCII bytes.
+//! 3. Value (`100xxxxx`): associates a value with a string
+//! 4. Branch (`11xxxxxx`): matches one of a set of bytes.
+//!
+//! Span, Value, and Branch nodes contain a varint, which has different semantics for each:
+//!
+//! - Span varint: length of the span
+//! - Value varint: value associated with the string
+//! - Branch varint: number of edges in the branch and width of the offset table
+//!
+//! If reading an ASCII, Span, or Branch node, one or more bytes are consumed from the input
+//! string. If the next byte(s) in the input string do not match the node, we return `None`.
+//! If reading a Value node, if the string is empty, return `Some(value)`; otherwise, we skip
+//! the Value node and continue on to the next node.
+//!
+//! When a node is consumed, a shorter, well-formed ZeroTrie remains.
+//!
+//! ### Basic Example
+//!
+//! Here is an example ZeroTrie without branch nodes:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use zerotrie::ZeroTriePerfectHash;
+//!
+//! let bytes = [
+//!     b'a',       // ASCII literal
+//!     0b10001010, // value 10
+//!     b'b',       // ASCII literal
+//!     0b10100011, // span of 3
+//!     0x81,       // first byte in span
+//!     0x91,       // second byte in span
+//!     0xA1,       // third and final byte in span
+//!     0b10000100, // value 4
+//! ];
+//!
+//! let trie = ZeroTriePerfectHash::from_bytes(&bytes);
+//!
+//! // First value: "a" → 10
+//! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"a"), Some(10));
+//!
+//! // Second value: "ab\x81\x91\xA1" → 4
+//! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"ab\x81\x91\xA1"), Some(4));
+//!
+//! // A few examples of strings that do NOT have values in the trie:
+//! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"ab"), None);
+//! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"b"), None);
+//! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"b\x81\x91\xA1"), None);
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ## Branch Nodes
+//!
+//! There are two types of branch nodes: binary search and perfect hash. `ZeroTrieSimpleAscii`
+//! contains only binary search nodes, whereas `ZeroTriePerfectHash` can contain either.
+//!
+//! The head node of the branch has a varint that encodes two things:
+//!
+//! - Bottom 8 bits: number of edges in the branch (`N`); if N = 0, set N to 256
+//! - Bits 9 and 10: width of the offset table (`W`)
+//!
+//! Note that N is always in the range [1, 256]. There can't be more than 256 edges because
+//! there are only 256 unique u8 values.
+//!
+//! A few examples of the head node of the branch:
+//!
+//! - `0b11000000`: varint bits `0`: N = 0 which means N = 256; W = 0
+//! - `0b11000110`: varint bits `110`: N = 6; W = 0
+//! - `0b11100000 0b00000101`: varint bits `1000101`: N = 69; W = 0
+//! - `0b11100010 0b00000000`: varint bits `101000000`: N = 64; W = 1
+//!
+//! In `ZeroTriePerfectHash`, if N <= 15, the branch is assumed to be a binary search, and if
+//! N > 15, the branch is assumed to be a perfect hash.
+//!
+//! ### Binary Search Branch Nodes
+//!
+//! A binary search branch node is used when:
+//!
+//! 1. The trie is a `ZeroTrieSimpleAscii`, OR
+//! 2. There are 15 or fewer items in the branch.
+//!
+//! The head branch node is followed by N sorted bytes. When evaluating a branch node, one byte
+//! is consumed from the input. If it is one of the N sorted bytes (scanned using binary search),
+//! the index `i` of the byte within the list is used to index into the offset table (described
+//! below). If the byte is not in the list, the string is not in the trie, so return `None`.
+//!
+//! ### Perfect Hash Branch Nodes
+//!
+//! A perfect hash branch node is used when:
+//!
+//! 1. The trie is NOT a `ZeroTrieSimpleAscii`, AND
+//! 2. There are 16 or more items in the branch.
+//!
+//! The head branch node is followed by 1 byte containing parameter `p`, N bytes containing
+//! parameters `q`, and N bytes containing the bytes to match. From these parameters, either an
+//! index within the hash table `i` is resolved and used as input to index into the offset
+//! table (described below), or the value is determined to not be present and `None` is
+//! returned. For more detail on resolving the perfect hash function, see [`crate::byte_phf`].
+//!
+//! ### Offset Tables
+//!
+//! The _offset table_ encodes the range of the remaining buffer containing the trie reachable
+//! from the byte matched in the branch node. Both types of branch nodes include an offset
+//! table followig the key lookup. Given the index `i` from the first step, the range
+//! `[s_i, s_(i+1))` brackets the next step in the trie.
+//!
+//! Offset tables utilize the `W` parameter stored in the branch head node. The special case
+//! when `W == 0`, with `N - 1` bytes, is easiest to understand:
+//!
+//! **Offset table, W = 0:** `[s_1, s_2, ..., s_(N-1)]`
+//!
+//! Note that `s_0` is always 0 and `s_N` is always the length of the remaining slice, so those
+//! values are not explicitly included in the offset table.
+//!
+//! When W > 0, the high and low bits of the offsets are in separate bytes, arranged as follows:
+//!
+//! **Generalized offset table:** `[a_1, a_2, ..., a_(N-1), b_1, b_2, ..., b_(N-1), c_1, ...]`
+//!
+//! where `s_i = (a_i << 8 + b_i) << 8 + c_i ...` (high bits first, low bits last)
+//!
+//! ### Advanced Example
+//!
+//! The following trie encodes the following map. It has multiple varints and branch nodes, which
+//! are all binary search with W = 0. Note that there is a value for the empty string.
+//!
+//! - "" → 0
+//! - "axb" → 100
+//! - "ayc" → 2
+//! - "azd" → 3
+//! - "bxe" → 4
+//! - "bxefg" → 500
+//! - "bxefh" → 6
+//! - "bxei" → 7
+//! - "bxeikl" → 8
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+//!
+//! let bytes = [
+//!     0b10000000, // value 0
+//!     0b11000010, // branch of 2
+//!     b'a',       //
+//!     b'b',       //
+//!     13,         //
+//!     0b11000011, // start of 'a' subtree: branch of 3
+//!     b'x',       //
+//!     b'y',       //
+//!     b'z',       //
+//!     3,          //
+//!     5,          //
+//!     b'b',       //
+//!     0b10010000, // value 100 (lead)
+//!     0x54,       // value 100 (trail)
+//!     b'c',       //
+//!     0b10000010, // value 2
+//!     b'd',       //
+//!     0b10000011, // value 3
+//!     b'x',       // start of 'b' subtree
+//!     b'e',       //
+//!     0b10000100, // value 4
+//!     0b11000010, // branch of 2
+//!     b'f',       //
+//!     b'i',       //
+//!     7,          //
+//!     0b11000010, // branch of 2
+//!     b'g',       //
+//!     b'h',       //
+//!     2,          //
+//!     0b10010011, // value 500 (lead)
+//!     0x64,       // value 500 (trail)
+//!     0b10000110, // value 6
+//!     0b10000111, // value 7
+//!     b'k',       //
+//!     b'l',       //
+//!     0b10001000, // value 8
+//! ];
+//!
+//! let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_bytes(&bytes);
+//!
+//! // Assert that the specified items are in the map
+//! assert_eq!(trie.get(b""), Some(0));
+//! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"axb"), Some(100));
+//! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"ayc"), Some(2));
+//! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"azd"), Some(3));
+//! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"bxe"), Some(4));
+//! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"bxefg"), Some(500));
+//! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"bxefh"), Some(6));
+//! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"bxei"), Some(7));
+//! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"bxeikl"), Some(8));
+//!
+//! // Assert that some other items are not in the map
+//! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"a"), None);
+//! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"bx"), None);
+//! assert_eq!(trie.get(b"xba"), None);
+//! ```
+
+use crate::byte_phf::PerfectByteHashMap;
+use crate::cursor::AsciiProbeResult;
+use crate::helpers::*;
+use crate::options::*;
+use crate::varint::read_varint_meta2;
+use crate::varint::read_varint_meta3;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+use alloc::string::String;
+
+/// Given a slice starting with an offset table, returns the trie for the given index.
+///
+/// Arguments:
+/// - `trie` = a trie pointing at an offset table (after the branch node and search table)
+/// - `i` = the desired index within the offset table
+/// - `n` = the number of items in the offset table
+/// - `w` = the width of the offset table items minus one
+#[inline]
+fn get_branch(mut trie: &[u8], i: usize, n: usize, mut w: usize) -> &[u8] {
+    let mut p = 0usize;
+    let mut q = 0usize;
+    loop {
+        let indices;
+        (indices, trie) = trie.debug_split_at(n - 1);
+        p = (p << 8)
+            + if i == 0 {
+                0
+            } else {
+                *indices.get(i - 1).debug_unwrap_or(&0) as usize
+            };
+        q = match indices.get(i) {
+            Some(x) => (q << 8) + *x as usize,
+            None => trie.len(),
+        };
+        if w == 0 {
+            break;
+        }
+        w -= 1;
+    }
+    trie.get(p..q).debug_unwrap_or(&[])
+}
+
+/// Version of [`get_branch()`] specialized for the case `w == 0` for performance
+#[inline]
+fn get_branch_w0(mut trie: &[u8], i: usize, n: usize) -> &[u8] {
+    let indices;
+    (indices, trie) = trie.debug_split_at(n - 1);
+    let p = if i == 0 {
+        0
+    } else {
+        *indices.get(i - 1).debug_unwrap_or(&0) as usize
+    };
+    let q = match indices.get(i) {
+        Some(x) => *x as usize,
+        None => trie.len(),
+    };
+    trie.get(p..q).debug_unwrap_or(&[])
+}
+
+/// The node type. See the module-level docs for more explanation of the four node types.
+enum NodeType {
+    /// An ASCII node. Contains a single literal ASCII byte and no varint.
+    Ascii,
+    /// A span node. Contains a varint indicating how big the span is.
+    Span,
+    /// A value node. Contains a varint representing the value.
+    Value,
+    /// A branch node. Contains a varint of the number of output nodes, plus W in the high bits.
+    Branch,
+}
+
+impl core::fmt::Debug for NodeType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        use NodeType::*;
+        f.write_str(match *self {
+            Ascii => "a",
+            Span => "s",
+            Value => "v",
+            Branch => "m",
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline]
+fn byte_type(b: u8) -> NodeType {
+    match b & 0b11100000 {
+        0b10000000 => NodeType::Value,
+        0b10100000 => NodeType::Span,
+        0b11000000 => NodeType::Branch,
+        0b11100000 => NodeType::Branch,
+        _ => NodeType::Ascii,
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub(crate) fn get_parameterized<T: ZeroTrieWithOptions + ?Sized>(
+    mut trie: &[u8],
+    mut ascii: &[u8],
+) -> Option<usize> {
+    loop {
+        let (b, x, i, search);
+        (b, trie) = trie.split_first()?;
+        let byte_type = byte_type(*b);
+        (x, trie) = match byte_type {
+            NodeType::Ascii => (0, trie),
+            NodeType::Span => {
+                if matches!(T::OPTIONS.ascii_mode, AsciiMode::BinarySpans) {
+                    read_varint_meta3(*b, trie)
+                } else {
+                    debug_assert!(false, "Span node found in ASCII trie!");
+                    return None;
+                }
+            }
+            NodeType::Value => read_varint_meta3(*b, trie),
+            NodeType::Branch => read_varint_meta2(*b, trie),
+        };
+        if let Some((c, temp)) = ascii.split_first() {
+            if matches!(byte_type, NodeType::Ascii) {
+                let is_match = if matches!(T::OPTIONS.case_sensitivity, CaseSensitivity::IgnoreCase)
+                {
+                    b.eq_ignore_ascii_case(c)
+                } else {
+                    b == c
+                };
+                if is_match {
+                    // Matched a byte
+                    ascii = temp;
+                    continue;
+                } else {
+                    // Byte that doesn't match
+                    return None;
+                }
+            }
+            if matches!(byte_type, NodeType::Value) {
+                // Value node, but not at end of string
+                continue;
+            }
+            if matches!(T::OPTIONS.ascii_mode, AsciiMode::BinarySpans)
+                && matches!(byte_type, NodeType::Span)
+            {
+                let (trie_span, ascii_span);
+                (trie_span, trie) = trie.debug_split_at(x);
+                (ascii_span, ascii) = ascii.split_at_checked(x)?;
+                if trie_span == ascii_span {
+                    // Matched a byte span
+                    continue;
+                } else {
+                    // Byte span that doesn't match
+                    return None;
+                }
+            }
+            // Branch node
+            let (x, w) = if x >= 256 { (x & 0xff, x >> 8) } else { (x, 0) };
+            let w = if matches!(T::OPTIONS.capacity_mode, CapacityMode::Extended) {
+                w
+            } else {
+                // See the table below regarding this assertion
+                debug_assert!(w <= 3, "get: w > 3 but we assume w <= 3");
+                w & 0x3
+            };
+            let x = if x == 0 { 256 } else { x };
+            if matches!(T::OPTIONS.phf_mode, PhfMode::BinaryOnly) || x < 16 {
+                // binary search
+                (search, trie) = trie.debug_split_at(x);
+                let bsearch_result =
+                    if matches!(T::OPTIONS.case_sensitivity, CaseSensitivity::IgnoreCase) {
+                        search.binary_search_by_key(&c.to_ascii_lowercase(), |x| {
+                            x.to_ascii_lowercase()
+                        })
+                    } else {
+                        search.binary_search(c)
+                    };
+                i = bsearch_result.ok()?;
+            } else {
+                // phf
+                (search, trie) = trie.debug_split_at(x * 2 + 1);
+                i = PerfectByteHashMap::from_store(search).get(*c)?;
+            }
+            trie = if w == 0 {
+                get_branch_w0(trie, i, x)
+            } else {
+                get_branch(trie, i, x, w)
+            };
+            ascii = temp;
+            continue;
+        } else {
+            if matches!(byte_type, NodeType::Value) {
+                // Value node at end of string
+                return Some(x);
+            }
+            return None;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// DISCUSS: This function is 7% faster *on aarch64* if we assert a max on w.
+//
+// | Bench         | No Assert, x86_64 | No Assert, aarch64 | Assertion, x86_64 | Assertion, aarch64 |
+// |---------------|-------------------|--------------------|-------------------|--------------------|
+// | basic         | ~187.51 ns        | ~97.586 ns         | ~199.11 ns        | ~99.236 ns         |
+// | subtags_10pct | ~9.5557 µs        | ~4.8696 µs         | ~9.5779 µs        | ~4.5649 µs         |
+// | subtags_full  | ~137.75 µs        | ~76.016 µs         | ~142.02 µs        | ~70.254 µs         |
+
+/// Steps one node into the trie assuming all branch nodes are binary search and that
+/// there are no span nodes.
+///
+/// The input-output argument `trie` starts at the original trie and ends pointing to
+/// the sub-trie reachable by `c`.
+#[inline]
+pub(crate) fn step_parameterized<T: ZeroTrieWithOptions + ?Sized>(
+    trie: &mut &[u8],
+    c: u8,
+) -> Option<u8> {
+    // Currently, the only option `step_parameterized` supports is `CaseSensitivity::IgnoreCase`.
+    // `AsciiMode::BinarySpans` is tricky because the state can no longer be simply a trie.
+    // If a span node is encountered, `None` is returned later in this function.
+    debug_assert!(
+        matches!(T::OPTIONS.ascii_mode, AsciiMode::AsciiOnly),
+        "Spans not yet implemented in step function"
+    );
+    // PHF can be easily implemented but the code is not yet reachable
+    debug_assert!(
+        matches!(T::OPTIONS.phf_mode, PhfMode::BinaryOnly),
+        "PHF not yet implemented in step function"
+    );
+    // Extended Capacity can be easily implemented but the code is not yet reachable
+    debug_assert!(
+        matches!(T::OPTIONS.capacity_mode, CapacityMode::Normal),
+        "Extended capacity not yet implemented in step function"
+    );
+    let (mut b, x, search);
+    loop {
+        (b, *trie) = match trie.split_first() {
+            Some(v) => v,
+            None => {
+                // Empty trie or only a value node
+                return None;
+            }
+        };
+        match byte_type(*b) {
+            NodeType::Ascii => {
+                let is_match = if matches!(T::OPTIONS.case_sensitivity, CaseSensitivity::IgnoreCase)
+                {
+                    b.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&c)
+                } else {
+                    *b == c
+                };
+                if is_match {
+                    // Matched a byte
+                    return Some(*b);
+                } else {
+                    // Byte that doesn't match
+                    *trie = &[];
+                    return None;
+                }
+            }
+            NodeType::Branch => {
+                // Proceed to the branch node logic below
+                (x, *trie) = read_varint_meta2(*b, trie);
+                break;
+            }
+            NodeType::Span => {
+                // Question: Should we put the trie back into a valid state?
+                // Currently this code is unreachable so let's not worry about it.
+                debug_assert!(false, "Span node found in ASCII trie!");
+                return None;
+            }
+            NodeType::Value => {
+                // Skip the value node and go to the next node
+                (_, *trie) = read_varint_meta3(*b, trie);
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+    // Branch node
+    let (x, w) = if x >= 256 { (x & 0xff, x >> 8) } else { (x, 0) };
+    // See comment above regarding this assertion
+    debug_assert!(w <= 3, "get: w > 3 but we assume w <= 3");
+    let w = w & 0x3;
+    let x = if x == 0 { 256 } else { x };
+    // Always use binary search
+    (search, *trie) = trie.debug_split_at(x);
+    let bsearch_result = if matches!(T::OPTIONS.case_sensitivity, CaseSensitivity::IgnoreCase) {
+        search.binary_search_by_key(&c.to_ascii_lowercase(), |x| x.to_ascii_lowercase())
+    } else {
+        search.binary_search(&c)
+    };
+    match bsearch_result {
+        Ok(i) => {
+            // Matched a byte
+            *trie = if w == 0 {
+                get_branch_w0(trie, i, x)
+            } else {
+                get_branch(trie, i, x, w)
+            };
+            #[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing)] // i is from a binary search
+            Some(search[i])
+        }
+        Err(_) => {
+            // Byte that doesn't match
+            *trie = &[];
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Steps one node into the trie, assuming all branch nodes are binary search and that
+/// there are no span nodes, using an index.
+///
+/// The input-output argument `trie` starts at the original trie and ends pointing to
+/// the sub-trie indexed by `index`.
+#[inline]
+pub(crate) fn probe_parameterized<T: ZeroTrieWithOptions + ?Sized>(
+    trie: &mut &[u8],
+    index: usize,
+) -> Option<AsciiProbeResult> {
+    // Currently, the only option `step_parameterized` supports is `CaseSensitivity::IgnoreCase`.
+    // `AsciiMode::BinarySpans` is tricky because the state can no longer be simply a trie.
+    // If a span node is encountered, `None` is returned later in this function.
+    debug_assert!(
+        matches!(T::OPTIONS.ascii_mode, AsciiMode::AsciiOnly),
+        "Spans not yet implemented in step function"
+    );
+    // PHF can be easily implemented but the code is not yet reachable
+    debug_assert!(
+        matches!(T::OPTIONS.phf_mode, PhfMode::BinaryOnly),
+        "PHF not yet implemented in step function"
+    );
+    // Extended Capacity can be easily implemented but the code is not yet reachable
+    debug_assert!(
+        matches!(T::OPTIONS.capacity_mode, CapacityMode::Normal),
+        "Extended capacity not yet implemented in step function"
+    );
+    let (mut b, x, search);
+    loop {
+        (b, *trie) = match trie.split_first() {
+            Some(v) => v,
+            None => {
+                // Empty trie or only a value node
+                return None;
+            }
+        };
+        match byte_type(*b) {
+            NodeType::Ascii => {
+                if index > 0 {
+                    *trie = &[];
+                    return None;
+                }
+                return Some(AsciiProbeResult {
+                    byte: *b,
+                    total_siblings: 1,
+                });
+            }
+            NodeType::Branch => {
+                // Proceed to the branch node logic below
+                (x, *trie) = read_varint_meta2(*b, trie);
+                break;
+            }
+            NodeType::Span => {
+                // Question: Should we put the trie back into a valid state?
+                // Currently this code is unreachable so let's not worry about it.
+                debug_assert!(false, "Span node found in ASCII trie!");
+                return None;
+            }
+            NodeType::Value => {
+                // Skip the value node and go to the next node
+                (_, *trie) = read_varint_meta3(*b, trie);
+                continue;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+    // Branch node
+    let (x, w) = if x >= 256 { (x & 0xff, x >> 8) } else { (x, 0) };
+    debug_assert!(u8::try_from(x).is_ok());
+    let total_siblings = x as u8;
+    // See comment above regarding this assertion
+    debug_assert!(w <= 3, "get: w > 3 but we assume w <= 3");
+    let w = w & 0x3;
+    let x = if x == 0 { 256 } else { x };
+    if index >= x {
+        *trie = &[];
+        return None;
+    }
+    (search, *trie) = trie.debug_split_at(x);
+    *trie = if w == 0 {
+        get_branch_w0(trie, index, x)
+    } else {
+        get_branch(trie, index, x, w)
+    };
+    Some(AsciiProbeResult {
+        #[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing)] // index < x, the length of search
+        byte: search[index],
+        total_siblings,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Steps one node into the trie if the head node is a value node, returning the value.
+/// If the head node is not a value node, no change is made.
+///
+/// The input-output argument `trie` starts at the original trie and ends pointing to
+/// the sub-trie with the value node removed.
+pub(crate) fn take_value(trie: &mut &[u8]) -> Option<usize> {
+    let (b, new_trie) = trie.split_first()?;
+    match byte_type(*b) {
+        NodeType::Ascii | NodeType::Span | NodeType::Branch => None,
+        NodeType::Value => {
+            let x;
+            (x, *trie) = read_varint_meta3(*b, new_trie);
+            Some(x)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+/// Iterator type for walking the byte sequences contained in a ZeroTrie.
+///
+/// ✨ *Enabled with the `alloc` Cargo feature.*
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ZeroTrieIterator<'a> {
+    /// Whether the PHF is enabled on this trie.
+    use_phf: bool,
+    /// Intermediate state during iteration:
+    /// 1. A trie (usually a slice of the original, bigger trie)
+    /// 2. The string that leads to the trie
+    /// 3. If the trie's lead node is a branch node, the current index being evaluated
+    state: Vec<(&'a [u8], Vec<u8>, usize)>,
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+impl<'a> ZeroTrieIterator<'a> {
+    pub(crate) fn new<S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized>(store: &'a S, use_phf: bool) -> Self {
+        ZeroTrieIterator {
+            use_phf,
+            state: alloc::vec![(store.as_ref(), alloc::vec![], 0)],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+impl Iterator for ZeroTrieIterator<'_> {
+    type Item = (Vec<u8>, usize);
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let (mut trie, mut string, mut branch_idx);
+        (trie, string, branch_idx) = self.state.pop()?;
+        loop {
+            let (b, x, span, search);
+            let return_trie = trie;
+            (b, trie) = match trie.split_first() {
+                Some(tpl) => tpl,
+                None => {
+                    // At end of current branch; step back to the branch node.
+                    // If there are no more branches, we are finished.
+                    (trie, string, branch_idx) = self.state.pop()?;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            };
+            let byte_type = byte_type(*b);
+            if matches!(byte_type, NodeType::Ascii) {
+                string.push(*b);
+                continue;
+            }
+            (x, trie) = match byte_type {
+                NodeType::Ascii => (0, trie),
+                NodeType::Span | NodeType::Value => read_varint_meta3(*b, trie),
+                NodeType::Branch => read_varint_meta2(*b, trie),
+            };
+            if matches!(byte_type, NodeType::Span) {
+                (span, trie) = trie.debug_split_at(x);
+                string.extend(span);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if matches!(byte_type, NodeType::Value) {
+                let retval = string.clone();
+                // Return to this position on the next step
+                self.state.push((trie, string, 0));
+                return Some((retval, x));
+            }
+            // Match node
+            let (x, w) = if x >= 256 { (x & 0xff, x >> 8) } else { (x, 0) };
+            let x = if x == 0 { 256 } else { x };
+            if branch_idx + 1 < x {
+                // Return to this branch node at the next index
+                self.state
+                    .push((return_trie, string.clone(), branch_idx + 1));
+            }
+            let byte = if x < 16 || !self.use_phf {
+                // binary search
+                (search, trie) = trie.debug_split_at(x);
+                debug_unwrap!(search.get(branch_idx), return None)
+            } else {
+                // phf
+                (search, trie) = trie.debug_split_at(x * 2 + 1);
+                debug_unwrap!(search.get(branch_idx + x + 1), return None)
+            };
+            string.push(*byte);
+            trie = if w == 0 {
+                get_branch_w0(trie, branch_idx, x)
+            } else {
+                get_branch(trie, branch_idx, x, w)
+            };
+            branch_idx = 0;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+pub(crate) fn get_iter_phf<S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized>(store: &S) -> ZeroTrieIterator<'_> {
+    ZeroTrieIterator::new(store, true)
+}
+
+/// # Panics
+/// Panics if the trie contains non-ASCII items.
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+#[expect(clippy::type_complexity)]
+pub(crate) fn get_iter_ascii_or_panic<S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized>(
+    store: &S,
+) -> core::iter::Map<ZeroTrieIterator<'_>, fn((Vec<u8>, usize)) -> (String, usize)> {
+    ZeroTrieIterator::new(store, false).map(|(k, v)| {
+        #[expect(clippy::unwrap_used)] // in signature of function
+        let ascii_str = String::from_utf8(k).unwrap();
+        (ascii_str, v)
+    })
+}

vendor/zerotrie/src/serde.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,644 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+use crate::builder::bytestr::ByteStr;
+use crate::options::ZeroTrieWithOptions;
+use crate::zerotrie::ZeroTrieFlavor;
+use crate::ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie;
+use crate::ZeroTrie;
+use crate::ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity;
+use crate::ZeroTriePerfectHash;
+use crate::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+use alloc::boxed::Box;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+use core::fmt;
+use litemap::LiteMap;
+use serde_core::de::Error;
+use serde_core::de::Visitor;
+use serde_core::Deserialize;
+use serde_core::Deserializer;
+use serde_core::Serialize;
+use serde_core::Serializer;
+
+struct ByteStrVisitor;
+impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for ByteStrVisitor {
+    type Value = Box<[u8]>;
+    fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(formatter, "a slice of borrowed bytes or a string")
+    }
+    fn visit_bytes<E>(self, v: &[u8]) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
+        Ok(Box::from(v))
+    }
+    fn visit_str<E>(self, v: &str) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
+        Ok(Box::from(v.as_bytes()))
+    }
+    fn visit_seq<A>(self, mut v: A) -> Result<Self::Value, A::Error>
+    where
+        A: serde_core::de::SeqAccess<'de>,
+    {
+        let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(v.size_hint().unwrap_or(0));
+        while let Some(x) = v.next_element::<u8>()? {
+            result.push(x);
+        }
+        Ok(Box::from(result))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'data, 'de: 'data> Deserialize<'de> for &'data ByteStr {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let s = <&'data [u8]>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        Ok(ByteStr::from_bytes(s))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Box<ByteStr> {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        if deserializer.is_human_readable() {
+            let s = deserializer.deserialize_any(ByteStrVisitor)?;
+            Ok(ByteStr::from_boxed_bytes(s))
+        } else {
+            let s = Vec::<u8>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+            Ok(ByteStr::from_boxed_bytes(s.into_boxed_slice()))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Serialize for &ByteStr {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        let bytes = self.as_bytes();
+        if serializer.is_human_readable() {
+            match core::str::from_utf8(bytes) {
+                Ok(s) => serializer.serialize_str(s),
+                Err(_) => serializer.serialize_bytes(bytes),
+            }
+        } else {
+            serializer.serialize_bytes(bytes)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'data, 'de: 'data, Store> Deserialize<'de> for ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<Store>
+where
+    // DISCUSS: There are several possibilities for the bounds here that would
+    // get the job done. I could look for Deserialize, but this would require
+    // creating a custom Deserializer for the map case. I also considered
+    // introducing a new trait instead of relying on From.
+    Store: From<&'data [u8]> + From<Vec<u8>> + 'data,
+{
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        if deserializer.is_human_readable() {
+            let lm = LiteMap::<Box<ByteStr>, usize>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+            ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from_serde_litemap(&lm)
+                .map_err(D::Error::custom)
+                .map(|trie| trie.convert_store())
+        } else {
+            // Note: `impl Deserialize for &[u8]` uses visit_borrowed_bytes
+            let (flags, trie_bytes) = <(u8, &[u8])>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+            if Self::OPTIONS.to_u8_flags() != flags {
+                return Err(D::Error::custom("invalid ZeroTrie tag"));
+            };
+            Ok(ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_store(Store::from(trie_bytes)))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Store> Serialize for ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<Store>
+where
+    Store: AsRef<[u8]>,
+{
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        if serializer.is_human_readable() {
+            let lm = self.to_litemap();
+            lm.serialize(serializer)
+        } else {
+            // Note: `impl Serialize for ByteStr` uses `serialize_bytes`
+            (Self::FLAGS, ByteStr::from_bytes(self.as_bytes())).serialize(serializer)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de, 'data, Store> Deserialize<'de> for ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie<Store>
+where
+    'de: 'data,
+    // DISCUSS: There are several possibilities for the bounds here that would
+    // get the job done. I could look for Deserialize, but this would require
+    // creating a custom Deserializer for the map case. I also considered
+    // introducing a new trait instead of relying on From.
+    Store: From<&'data [u8]> + From<Vec<u8>> + 'data,
+{
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        if deserializer.is_human_readable() {
+            let lm = LiteMap::<Box<ByteStr>, usize>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+            ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie::try_from_serde_litemap(&lm)
+                .map_err(D::Error::custom)
+                .map(|trie| trie.convert_store())
+        } else {
+            // Note: `impl Deserialize for &[u8]` uses visit_borrowed_bytes
+            let (flags, trie_bytes) = <(u8, &[u8])>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+            if Self::OPTIONS.to_u8_flags() != flags {
+                return Err(D::Error::custom("invalid ZeroTrie tag"));
+            }
+            Ok(ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie::from_store(Store::from(trie_bytes)))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Store> Serialize for ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie<Store>
+where
+    Store: AsRef<[u8]>,
+{
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        if serializer.is_human_readable() {
+            let lm = self.to_litemap();
+            lm.serialize(serializer)
+        } else {
+            // Note: `impl Serialize for ByteStr` uses `serialize_bytes`
+            (
+                Self::OPTIONS.to_u8_flags(),
+                ByteStr::from_bytes(self.as_bytes()),
+            )
+                .serialize(serializer)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de, 'data, Store> Deserialize<'de> for ZeroTriePerfectHash<Store>
+where
+    'de: 'data,
+    Store: From<&'data [u8]> + From<Vec<u8>> + 'data,
+{
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        if deserializer.is_human_readable() {
+            let lm = LiteMap::<Box<ByteStr>, usize>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+            ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from_serde_litemap(&lm)
+                .map_err(D::Error::custom)
+                .map(|trie| trie.convert_store())
+        } else {
+            // Note: `impl Deserialize for &[u8]` uses visit_borrowed_bytes
+            let (flags, trie_bytes) = <(u8, &[u8])>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+            if Self::OPTIONS.to_u8_flags() != flags {
+                return Err(D::Error::custom("invalid ZeroTrie tag"));
+            }
+            Ok(ZeroTriePerfectHash::from_store(Store::from(trie_bytes)))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Store> Serialize for ZeroTriePerfectHash<Store>
+where
+    Store: AsRef<[u8]>,
+{
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        if serializer.is_human_readable() {
+            let lm = self.to_litemap();
+            let lm = lm
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(k, v)| (ByteStr::from_bytes(k), v))
+                .collect::<LiteMap<_, _>>();
+            lm.serialize(serializer)
+        } else {
+            // Note: `impl Serialize for ByteStr` uses `serialize_bytes`
+            (
+                Self::OPTIONS.to_u8_flags(),
+                ByteStr::from_bytes(self.as_bytes()),
+            )
+                .serialize(serializer)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de, 'data, Store> Deserialize<'de> for ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity<Store>
+where
+    'de: 'data,
+    Store: From<&'data [u8]> + From<Vec<u8>> + 'data,
+{
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        if deserializer.is_human_readable() {
+            let lm = LiteMap::<Box<ByteStr>, usize>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+            ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity::try_from_serde_litemap(&lm)
+                .map_err(D::Error::custom)
+                .map(|trie| trie.convert_store())
+        } else {
+            // Note: `impl Deserialize for &[u8]` uses visit_borrowed_bytes
+            let (flags, trie_bytes) = <(u8, &[u8])>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+            if Self::OPTIONS.to_u8_flags() != flags {
+                return Err(D::Error::custom("invalid ZeroTrie tag"));
+            }
+            Ok(ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity::from_store(Store::from(
+                trie_bytes,
+            )))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Store> Serialize for ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity<Store>
+where
+    Store: AsRef<[u8]>,
+{
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        if serializer.is_human_readable() {
+            let lm = self.to_litemap();
+            let lm = lm
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(k, v)| (ByteStr::from_bytes(k), v))
+                .collect::<LiteMap<_, _>>();
+            lm.serialize(serializer)
+        } else {
+            // Note: `impl Serialize for ByteStr` uses `serialize_bytes`
+            (
+                Self::OPTIONS.to_u8_flags(),
+                ByteStr::from_bytes(self.as_bytes()),
+            )
+                .serialize(serializer)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de, 'data, Store> Deserialize<'de> for ZeroTrie<Store>
+where
+    'de: 'data,
+    Store: From<&'data [u8]> + From<Vec<u8>> + 'data,
+{
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        if deserializer.is_human_readable() {
+            let lm = LiteMap::<Box<ByteStr>, usize>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+            ZeroTrie::<Vec<u8>>::try_from(&lm)
+                .map_err(D::Error::custom)
+                .map(|trie| trie.convert_store())
+        } else {
+            // Note: `impl Deserialize for &[u8]` uses visit_borrowed_bytes
+            let bytes = <&[u8]>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+            let (tag, trie_bytes) = bytes
+                .split_first()
+                .ok_or(D::Error::custom("expected at least 1 byte for ZeroTrie"))?;
+            let store = Store::from(trie_bytes);
+            let zerotrie = if *tag == ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::<u8>::OPTIONS.to_u8_flags() {
+                ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_store(store).into_zerotrie()
+            } else if *tag == ZeroTriePerfectHash::<u8>::OPTIONS.to_u8_flags() {
+                ZeroTriePerfectHash::from_store(store).into_zerotrie()
+            } else if *tag == ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity::<u8>::OPTIONS.to_u8_flags() {
+                ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity::from_store(store).into_zerotrie()
+            } else {
+                return Err(D::Error::custom("invalid ZeroTrie tag"));
+            };
+            Ok(zerotrie)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Store> Serialize for ZeroTrie<Store>
+where
+    Store: AsRef<[u8]>,
+{
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        if serializer.is_human_readable() {
+            let lm = self.to_litemap();
+            let lm = lm
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(k, v)| (ByteStr::from_bytes(k), v))
+                .collect::<LiteMap<_, _>>();
+            lm.serialize(serializer)
+        } else {
+            let (tag, bytes) = match &self.0 {
+                ZeroTrieFlavor::SimpleAscii(t) => (
+                    ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::<u8>::OPTIONS.to_u8_flags(),
+                    t.as_bytes(),
+                ),
+                ZeroTrieFlavor::PerfectHash(t) => (
+                    ZeroTriePerfectHash::<u8>::OPTIONS.to_u8_flags(),
+                    t.as_bytes(),
+                ),
+                ZeroTrieFlavor::ExtendedCapacity(t) => (
+                    ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity::<u8>::OPTIONS.to_u8_flags(),
+                    t.as_bytes(),
+                ),
+            };
+            let mut all_in_one_vec = Vec::with_capacity(bytes.len() + 1);
+            all_in_one_vec.push(tag);
+            all_in_one_vec.extend(bytes);
+            serializer.serialize_bytes(&all_in_one_vec)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod testdata {
+    include!("../tests/data/data.rs");
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use alloc::borrow::Cow;
+    use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+    #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+    pub struct ZeroTrieSimpleAsciiCow<'a> {
+        #[serde(borrow)]
+        trie: ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<Cow<'a, [u8]>>,
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    pub fn test_serde_simpleascii_cow() {
+        let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_store(Cow::from(testdata::basic::TRIE_ASCII));
+        let original = ZeroTrieSimpleAsciiCow { trie };
+        let json_str = serde_json::to_string(&original).unwrap();
+        let bincode_bytes = bincode::serialize(&original).unwrap();
+        let rmp_bytes = rmp_serde::to_vec(&original).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(json_str, testdata::basic::JSON_STR_ASCII);
+        assert_eq!(&bincode_bytes[0..9], &[0, 26, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
+        assert_eq!(&bincode_bytes[9..], testdata::basic::BINCODE_BYTES_ASCII);
+        assert_eq!(&rmp_bytes[0..5], &[145, 146, 0, 196, 26]);
+        assert_eq!(&rmp_bytes[5..], testdata::basic::BINCODE_BYTES_ASCII);
+
+        let json_recovered: ZeroTrieSimpleAsciiCow = serde_json::from_str(&json_str).unwrap();
+        let bincode_recovered: ZeroTrieSimpleAsciiCow =
+            bincode::deserialize(&bincode_bytes).unwrap();
+        let rmp_recovered: ZeroTrieSimpleAsciiCow = rmp_serde::from_slice(&rmp_bytes).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(original.trie, json_recovered.trie);
+        assert_eq!(original.trie, bincode_recovered.trie);
+        assert_eq!(original.trie, rmp_recovered.trie);
+
+        assert!(matches!(json_recovered.trie.into_store(), Cow::Owned(_)));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            bincode_recovered.trie.into_store(),
+            Cow::Borrowed(_)
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+    pub struct ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrieCow<'a> {
+        #[serde(borrow)]
+        trie: ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie<Cow<'a, [u8]>>,
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    pub fn test_serde_asciiignorecase_cow() {
+        let trie = ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie::from_store(Cow::from(testdata::basic::TRIE_ASCII));
+        let original = ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrieCow { trie };
+        let json_str = serde_json::to_string(&original).unwrap();
+        let bincode_bytes = bincode::serialize(&original).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(json_str, testdata::basic::JSON_STR_ASCII);
+        assert_eq!(&bincode_bytes[0..9], &[8, 26, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
+        assert_eq!(&bincode_bytes[9..], testdata::basic::BINCODE_BYTES_ASCII);
+
+        let json_recovered: ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrieCow = serde_json::from_str(&json_str).unwrap();
+        let bincode_recovered: ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrieCow =
+            bincode::deserialize(&bincode_bytes).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(original.trie, json_recovered.trie);
+        assert_eq!(original.trie, bincode_recovered.trie);
+
+        assert!(matches!(json_recovered.trie.into_store(), Cow::Owned(_)));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            bincode_recovered.trie.into_store(),
+            Cow::Borrowed(_)
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+    pub struct ZeroTriePerfectHashCow<'a> {
+        #[serde(borrow)]
+        trie: ZeroTriePerfectHash<Cow<'a, [u8]>>,
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    pub fn test_serde_perfecthash_cow() {
+        let trie = ZeroTriePerfectHash::from_store(Cow::from(testdata::basic::TRIE_ASCII));
+        let original = ZeroTriePerfectHashCow { trie };
+        let json_str = serde_json::to_string(&original).unwrap();
+        let bincode_bytes = bincode::serialize(&original).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(json_str, testdata::basic::JSON_STR_ASCII);
+        assert_eq!(&bincode_bytes[0..9], &[3, 26, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
+        assert_eq!(&bincode_bytes[9..], testdata::basic::BINCODE_BYTES_ASCII);
+
+        let json_recovered: ZeroTriePerfectHashCow = serde_json::from_str(&json_str).unwrap();
+        let bincode_recovered: ZeroTriePerfectHashCow =
+            bincode::deserialize(&bincode_bytes).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(original.trie, json_recovered.trie);
+        assert_eq!(original.trie, bincode_recovered.trie);
+
+        assert!(matches!(json_recovered.trie.into_store(), Cow::Owned(_)));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            bincode_recovered.trie.into_store(),
+            Cow::Borrowed(_)
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    pub fn test_serde_perfecthash_cow_u() {
+        let trie = ZeroTriePerfectHash::from_store(Cow::from(testdata::basic::TRIE_UNICODE));
+        let original = ZeroTriePerfectHashCow { trie };
+        let json_str = serde_json::to_string(&original).unwrap();
+        let bincode_bytes = bincode::serialize(&original).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(json_str, testdata::basic::JSON_STR_UNICODE);
+        assert_eq!(&bincode_bytes[0..9], &[3, 39, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
+        assert_eq!(&bincode_bytes[9..], testdata::basic::BINCODE_BYTES_UNICODE);
+
+        let json_recovered: ZeroTriePerfectHashCow = serde_json::from_str(&json_str).unwrap();
+        let bincode_recovered: ZeroTriePerfectHashCow =
+            bincode::deserialize(&bincode_bytes).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(original.trie, json_recovered.trie);
+        assert_eq!(original.trie, bincode_recovered.trie);
+
+        assert!(matches!(json_recovered.trie.into_store(), Cow::Owned(_)));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            bincode_recovered.trie.into_store(),
+            Cow::Borrowed(_)
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    pub fn test_serde_perfecthash_cow_bin() {
+        let trie = ZeroTriePerfectHash::from_store(Cow::from(testdata::basic::TRIE_BINARY));
+        let original = ZeroTriePerfectHashCow { trie };
+        let json_str = serde_json::to_string(&original).unwrap();
+        let bincode_bytes = bincode::serialize(&original).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(json_str, testdata::basic::JSON_STR_BINARY);
+        assert_eq!(&bincode_bytes[0..9], &[3, 26, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
+        assert_eq!(&bincode_bytes[9..], testdata::basic::BINCODE_BYTES_BINARY);
+
+        let json_recovered: ZeroTriePerfectHashCow = serde_json::from_str(&json_str).unwrap();
+        let bincode_recovered: ZeroTriePerfectHashCow =
+            bincode::deserialize(&bincode_bytes).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(original.trie, json_recovered.trie);
+        assert_eq!(original.trie, bincode_recovered.trie);
+
+        assert!(matches!(json_recovered.trie.into_store(), Cow::Owned(_)));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            bincode_recovered.trie.into_store(),
+            Cow::Borrowed(_)
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+    pub struct ZeroTrieAnyCow<'a> {
+        #[serde(borrow)]
+        trie: ZeroTrie<Cow<'a, [u8]>>,
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    pub fn test_serde_any_cow() {
+        let trie =
+            ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_store(Cow::from(testdata::basic::TRIE_ASCII)).into_zerotrie();
+        let original = ZeroTrieAnyCow { trie };
+        let json_str = serde_json::to_string(&original).unwrap();
+        let bincode_bytes = bincode::serialize(&original).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(json_str, testdata::basic::JSON_STR_ASCII);
+        assert_eq!(&bincode_bytes[0..9], &[27, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
+        assert_eq!(&bincode_bytes[9..], testdata::basic::BINCODE_BYTES_ASCII);
+
+        let json_recovered: ZeroTrieAnyCow = serde_json::from_str(&json_str).unwrap();
+        let bincode_recovered: ZeroTrieAnyCow = bincode::deserialize(&bincode_bytes).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(original.trie, json_recovered.trie);
+        assert_eq!(original.trie, bincode_recovered.trie);
+
+        assert!(matches!(json_recovered.trie.into_store(), Cow::Owned(_)));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            bincode_recovered.trie.into_store(),
+            Cow::Borrowed(_)
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    pub fn test_serde_any_cow_u() {
+        let trie = ZeroTriePerfectHash::from_store(Cow::from(testdata::basic::TRIE_UNICODE))
+            .into_zerotrie();
+        let original = ZeroTrieAnyCow { trie };
+        let json_str = serde_json::to_string(&original).unwrap();
+        let bincode_bytes = bincode::serialize(&original).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(json_str, testdata::basic::JSON_STR_UNICODE);
+        assert_eq!(&bincode_bytes[0..9], &[40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3]);
+        assert_eq!(&bincode_bytes[9..], testdata::basic::BINCODE_BYTES_UNICODE);
+
+        let json_recovered: ZeroTrieAnyCow = serde_json::from_str(&json_str).unwrap();
+        let bincode_recovered: ZeroTrieAnyCow = bincode::deserialize(&bincode_bytes).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(original.trie, json_recovered.trie);
+        assert_eq!(original.trie, bincode_recovered.trie);
+
+        assert!(matches!(json_recovered.trie.into_store(), Cow::Owned(_)));
+        assert!(matches!(
+            bincode_recovered.trie.into_store(),
+            Cow::Borrowed(_)
+        ));
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[cfg(feature = "zerovec")]
+mod tests_zerovec {
+    use super::*;
+    use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+    use zerovec::ZeroVec;
+
+    #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+    pub struct ZeroTrieSimpleAsciiZeroVec<'a> {
+        #[serde(borrow)]
+        trie: ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<ZeroVec<'a, u8>>,
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    pub fn test_serde_simpleascii_zerovec() {
+        let trie =
+            ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_store(ZeroVec::new_borrowed(testdata::basic::TRIE_ASCII));
+        let original = ZeroTrieSimpleAsciiZeroVec { trie };
+        let json_str = serde_json::to_string(&original).unwrap();
+        let bincode_bytes = bincode::serialize(&original).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(json_str, testdata::basic::JSON_STR_ASCII);
+        assert_eq!(&bincode_bytes[0..9], &[0, 26, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
+        assert_eq!(&bincode_bytes[9..], testdata::basic::BINCODE_BYTES_ASCII);
+
+        let json_recovered: ZeroTrieSimpleAsciiZeroVec = serde_json::from_str(&json_str).unwrap();
+        let bincode_recovered: ZeroTrieSimpleAsciiZeroVec =
+            bincode::deserialize(&bincode_bytes).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(original.trie, json_recovered.trie);
+        assert_eq!(original.trie, bincode_recovered.trie);
+
+        assert!(json_recovered.trie.into_store().is_owned());
+        assert!(!bincode_recovered.trie.into_store().is_owned());
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+    pub struct ZeroTriePerfectHashZeroVec<'a> {
+        #[serde(borrow)]
+        trie: ZeroTriePerfectHash<ZeroVec<'a, u8>>,
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    pub fn test_serde_perfecthash_zerovec() {
+        let trie =
+            ZeroTriePerfectHash::from_store(ZeroVec::new_borrowed(testdata::basic::TRIE_ASCII));
+        let original = ZeroTriePerfectHashZeroVec { trie };
+        let json_str = serde_json::to_string(&original).unwrap();
+        let bincode_bytes = bincode::serialize(&original).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(json_str, testdata::basic::JSON_STR_ASCII);
+        assert_eq!(&bincode_bytes[0..9], &[3, 26, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
+        assert_eq!(&bincode_bytes[9..], testdata::basic::BINCODE_BYTES_ASCII);
+
+        let json_recovered: ZeroTriePerfectHashZeroVec = serde_json::from_str(&json_str).unwrap();
+        let bincode_recovered: ZeroTriePerfectHashZeroVec =
+            bincode::deserialize(&bincode_bytes).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(original.trie, json_recovered.trie);
+        assert_eq!(original.trie, bincode_recovered.trie);
+
+        assert!(json_recovered.trie.into_store().is_owned());
+        assert!(!bincode_recovered.trie.into_store().is_owned());
+    }
+}

vendor/zerotrie/src/varint.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,520 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+//! Varint spec for ZeroTrie:
+//!
+//! - Lead byte: top M (2 or 3) bits are metadata; next is varint extender; rest is value
+//! - Trail bytes: top bit is varint extender; rest are low bits of value
+//! - Guaranteed uniqueness of varint by adding "latent value" for each extender byte
+//! - No maximum, but high bits will be dropped if they don't fit in the platform's `usize`
+//!
+//! This is best shown by examples.
+//!
+//! ```txt
+//! xxx0'1010 = 10
+//! xxx0'1111 = 15 (largest single-byte value with M=3)
+//! xxx1'0000 0000'0000 must be 16 (smallest two-byte value with M=3)
+//! xxx1'0000 0000'0001 = 17
+//! xxx1'1111 0111'1111 = 2063 (largest two-byte value with M=3)
+//! xxx1'0000 1000'0000 0000'0000 must be 2064 (smallest three-byte value with M=3)
+//! xxx1'0000 1000'0000 0000'0001 = 2065
+//! ```
+//!
+//! The latent values by number of bytes for M=3 are:
+//!
+//! - 1 byte: 0
+//! - 2 bytes: 16 = 0x10 = 0b10000
+//! - 3 bytes: 2064 = 0x810 = 0b100000010000
+//! - 4 bytes: 264208 = 0x40810 = 0b1000000100000010000
+//! - 5 bytes: 33818640 = 0x2040810 = 0b10000001000000100000010000
+//! - …
+//!
+//! For M=2, the latent values are:
+//!
+//! - 1 byte: 0
+//! - 2 bytes: 32 = 0x20 = 0b100000
+//! - 3 bytes: 4128 = 0x1020 = 0b1000000100000
+//! - 4 bytes: 524320 = 0x81020 = 0b10000001000000100000
+//! - 5 bytes: 67637280 = 0x4081020 = 0b100000010000001000000100000
+//! - …
+
+use crate::builder::konst::ConstArrayBuilder;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+use crate::builder::nonconst::TrieBuilderStore;
+
+/// Reads a varint with 2 bits of metadata in the lead byte.
+///
+/// Returns the varint value and a subslice of `remainder` with the varint bytes removed.
+///
+/// If the varint spills off the end of the slice, a debug assertion will fail,
+/// and the function will return the value up to that point.
+pub const fn read_varint_meta2(start: u8, remainder: &[u8]) -> (usize, &[u8]) {
+    let mut value = (start & 0b00011111) as usize;
+    let mut remainder = remainder;
+    if (start & 0b00100000) != 0 {
+        loop {
+            let next;
+            (next, remainder) = debug_unwrap!(remainder.split_first(), break, "invalid varint");
+            // Note: value << 7 could drop high bits. The first addition can't overflow.
+            // The second addition could overflow; in such a case we just inform the
+            // developer via the debug assertion.
+            value = (value << 7) + ((*next & 0b01111111) as usize) + 32;
+            if (*next & 0b10000000) == 0 {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    (value, remainder)
+}
+
+/// Reads a varint with 3 bits of metadata in the lead byte.
+///
+/// Returns the varint value and a subslice of `remainder` with the varint bytes removed.
+///
+/// If the varint spills off the end of the slice, a debug assertion will fail,
+/// and the function will return the value up to that point.
+pub const fn read_varint_meta3(start: u8, remainder: &[u8]) -> (usize, &[u8]) {
+    let mut value = (start & 0b00001111) as usize;
+    let mut remainder = remainder;
+    if (start & 0b00010000) != 0 {
+        loop {
+            let next;
+            (next, remainder) = debug_unwrap!(remainder.split_first(), break, "invalid varint");
+            // Note: value << 7 could drop high bits. The first addition can't overflow.
+            // The second addition could overflow; in such a case we just inform the
+            // developer via the debug assertion.
+            value = (value << 7) + ((*next & 0b01111111) as usize) + 16;
+            if (*next & 0b10000000) == 0 {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    (value, remainder)
+}
+
+/// Reads and removes a varint with 3 bits of metadata from a [`TrieBuilderStore`].
+///
+/// Returns the varint value.
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+pub(crate) fn try_read_varint_meta3_from_tstore<S: TrieBuilderStore>(
+    start: u8,
+    remainder: &mut S,
+) -> Option<usize> {
+    let mut value = (start & 0b00001111) as usize;
+    if (start & 0b00010000) != 0 {
+        loop {
+            let next = remainder.atbs_pop_front()?;
+            // Note: value << 7 could drop high bits. The first addition can't overflow.
+            // The second addition could overflow; in such a case we just inform the
+            // developer via the debug assertion.
+            value = (value << 7) + ((next & 0b01111111) as usize) + 16;
+            if (next & 0b10000000) == 0 {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Some(value)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+const MAX_VARINT: usize = usize::MAX;
+
+// *Upper Bound:* Each trail byte stores 7 bits of data, plus the latent value.
+// Add an extra 1 since the lead byte holds only 5 bits of data.
+const MAX_VARINT_LENGTH: usize = 1 + core::mem::size_of::<usize>() * 8 / 7;
+
+/// Returns a new [`ConstArrayBuilder`] containing a varint with 2 bits of metadata.
+#[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing)] // Okay so long as MAX_VARINT_LENGTH is correct
+pub(crate) const fn write_varint_meta2(value: usize) -> ConstArrayBuilder<MAX_VARINT_LENGTH, u8> {
+    let mut result = [0; MAX_VARINT_LENGTH];
+    let mut i = MAX_VARINT_LENGTH - 1;
+    let mut value = value;
+    let mut last = true;
+    loop {
+        if value < 32 {
+            result[i] = value as u8;
+            if !last {
+                result[i] |= 0b00100000;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        value -= 32;
+        result[i] = (value as u8) & 0b01111111;
+        if !last {
+            result[i] |= 0b10000000;
+        } else {
+            last = false;
+        }
+        value >>= 7;
+        i -= 1;
+    }
+    // The bytes are from i to the end.
+    ConstArrayBuilder::from_manual_slice(result, i, MAX_VARINT_LENGTH)
+}
+
+/// Returns a new [`ConstArrayBuilder`] containing a varint with 3 bits of metadata.
+#[allow(clippy::indexing_slicing)] // Okay so long as MAX_VARINT_LENGTH is correct
+pub(crate) const fn write_varint_meta3(value: usize) -> ConstArrayBuilder<MAX_VARINT_LENGTH, u8> {
+    let mut result = [0; MAX_VARINT_LENGTH];
+    let mut i = MAX_VARINT_LENGTH - 1;
+    let mut value = value;
+    let mut last = true;
+    loop {
+        if value < 16 {
+            result[i] = value as u8;
+            if !last {
+                result[i] |= 0b00010000;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        value -= 16;
+        result[i] = (value as u8) & 0b01111111;
+        if !last {
+            result[i] |= 0b10000000;
+        } else {
+            last = false;
+        }
+        value >>= 7;
+        i -= 1;
+    }
+    // The bytes are from i to the end.
+    ConstArrayBuilder::from_manual_slice(result, i, MAX_VARINT_LENGTH)
+}
+
+/// A secondary implementation that separates the latent value while computing the varint.
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) const fn write_varint_reference(
+    value: usize,
+) -> ConstArrayBuilder<MAX_VARINT_LENGTH, u8> {
+    let mut result = [0; MAX_VARINT_LENGTH];
+    if value < 32 {
+        result[0] = value as u8;
+        return ConstArrayBuilder::from_manual_slice(result, 0, 1);
+    }
+    result[0] = 32;
+    let mut latent = 32;
+    let mut steps = 2;
+    loop {
+        let next_latent = (latent << 7) + 32;
+        if value < next_latent || next_latent == latent {
+            break;
+        }
+        latent = next_latent;
+        steps += 1;
+    }
+    let mut value = value - latent;
+    let mut i = steps;
+    while i > 0 {
+        i -= 1;
+        result[i] |= (value as u8) & 0b01111111;
+        value >>= 7;
+        if i > 0 && i < steps - 1 {
+            result[i] |= 0b10000000;
+        }
+    }
+    // The bytes are from 0 to `steps`.
+    ConstArrayBuilder::from_manual_slice(result, 0, steps)
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    struct TestCase<'a> {
+        bytes: &'a [u8],
+        remainder: &'a [u8],
+        value: usize,
+    }
+    static CASES: &[TestCase] = &[
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00000000],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 0,
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00001010],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 10,
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00011111],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 31,
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00011111, 0b10101010],
+            remainder: &[0b10101010],
+            value: 31,
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00100000, 0b00000000],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 32,
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00100000, 0b00000001],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 33,
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00100000, 0b00100000],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 64,
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0x20, 0x44],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 100,
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00100000, 0b01111111],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 159,
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00100001, 0b00000000],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 160,
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00100001, 0b00000001],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 161,
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0x23, 0x54],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 500,
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00111111, 0b01111111],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 4127, // 32 + (1 << 12) - 1
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00100000, 0b10000000, 0b00000000],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 4128, // 32 + (1 << 12)
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00100000, 0b10000000, 0b00000001],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 4129, // 32 + (1 << 12) + 1
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00100000, 0b10000000, 0b01111111],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 4255, // 32 + (1 << 12) + 127
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00100000, 0b10000001, 0b00000000],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 4256, // 32 + (1 << 12) + 128
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00100000, 0b10000001, 0b00000001],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 4257, // 32 + (1 << 12) + 129
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0x20, 0x86, 0x68],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 5000,
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00100000, 0b11111111, 0b01111111],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 20511, // 32 + (1 << 12) + (1 << 14) - 1
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00100001, 0b10000000, 0b00000000],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 20512, // 32 + (1 << 12) + (1 << 14)
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00111111, 0b11111111, 0b01111111],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 528415, // 32 + (1 << 12) + (1 << 19) - 1
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00100000, 0b10000000, 0b10000000, 0b00000000],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 528416, // 32 + (1 << 12) + (1 << 19)
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00100000, 0b10000000, 0b10000000, 0b00000001],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 528417, // 32 + (1 << 12) + (1 << 19) + 1
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00111111, 0b11111111, 0b11111111, 0b01111111],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 67637279, // 32 + (1 << 12) + (1 << 19) + (1 << 26) - 1
+        },
+        TestCase {
+            bytes: &[0b00100000, 0b10000000, 0b10000000, 0b10000000, 0b00000000],
+            remainder: &[],
+            value: 67637280, // 32 + (1 << 12) + (1 << 19) + (1 << 26)
+        },
+    ];
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_read() {
+        for cas in CASES {
+            let recovered = read_varint_meta2(cas.bytes[0], &cas.bytes[1..]);
+            assert_eq!(recovered, (cas.value, cas.remainder), "{cas:?}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_read_write() {
+        for cas in CASES {
+            let reference_bytes = write_varint_reference(cas.value);
+            assert_eq!(
+                reference_bytes.len(),
+                cas.bytes.len() - cas.remainder.len(),
+                "{cas:?}"
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                reference_bytes.as_slice(),
+                &cas.bytes[0..reference_bytes.len()],
+                "{cas:?}"
+            );
+            let recovered = read_varint_meta2(cas.bytes[0], &cas.bytes[1..]);
+            assert_eq!(recovered, (cas.value, cas.remainder), "{cas:?}");
+            let write_bytes = write_varint_meta2(cas.value);
+            assert_eq!(
+                reference_bytes.as_slice(),
+                write_bytes.as_slice(),
+                "{cas:?}"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_roundtrip() {
+        let mut i = 0usize;
+        while i < MAX_VARINT {
+            let bytes = write_varint_meta2(i);
+            let recovered = read_varint_meta2(bytes.as_slice()[0], &bytes.as_slice()[1..]);
+            assert_eq!(i, recovered.0, "{:?}", bytes.as_slice());
+            i <<= 1;
+            i += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_extended_roundtrip() {
+        let mut i = 0usize;
+        while i < MAX_VARINT {
+            let bytes = write_varint_meta3(i);
+            let recovered = read_varint_meta3(bytes.as_slice()[0], &bytes.as_slice()[1..]);
+            assert_eq!(i, recovered.0, "{:?}", bytes.as_slice());
+            i <<= 1;
+            i += 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_max() {
+        let reference_bytes = write_varint_reference(MAX_VARINT);
+        let write_bytes = write_varint_meta2(MAX_VARINT);
+        assert_eq!(reference_bytes.len(), MAX_VARINT_LENGTH);
+        assert_eq!(reference_bytes.as_slice(), write_bytes.as_slice());
+        let subarray = write_bytes
+            .as_const_slice()
+            .get_subslice_or_panic(1, write_bytes.len());
+        let (recovered_value, remainder) = read_varint_meta2(
+            *write_bytes.as_const_slice().first().unwrap(),
+            subarray.as_slice(),
+        );
+        assert!(remainder.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(recovered_value, MAX_VARINT);
+        #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
+        assert_eq!(
+            write_bytes.as_slice(),
+            &[
+                0b00100001, //
+                0b11011111, //
+                0b11011111, //
+                0b11011111, //
+                0b11011111, //
+                0b11011111, //
+                0b11011111, //
+                0b11011111, //
+                0b11011111, //
+                0b01011111, //
+            ]
+        );
+        #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
+        assert_eq!(
+            write_bytes.as_slice(),
+            &[
+                0b00101111, //
+                0b11011111, //
+                0b11011111, //
+                0b11011111, //
+                0b01011111, //
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn text_extended_max() {
+        let write_bytes = write_varint_meta3(MAX_VARINT);
+        assert_eq!(write_bytes.len(), MAX_VARINT_LENGTH);
+        let (lead, trailing) = write_bytes.as_slice().split_first().unwrap();
+        let (recovered_value, remainder) = read_varint_meta3(*lead, trailing);
+        assert!(remainder.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(recovered_value, MAX_VARINT);
+        #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
+        assert_eq!(
+            write_bytes.as_slice(),
+            &[
+                0b00010001, //
+                0b11101111, //
+                0b11101111, //
+                0b11101111, //
+                0b11101111, //
+                0b11101111, //
+                0b11101111, //
+                0b11101111, //
+                0b11101111, //
+                0b01101111, //
+            ]
+        );
+        #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
+        assert_eq!(
+            write_bytes.as_slice(),
+            &[
+                0b00011111, //
+                0b11101111, //
+                0b11101111, //
+                0b11101111, //
+                0b01101111, //
+            ]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_latent_values() {
+        // Same values documented in the module docs: M=2
+        let m2 = read_varint_meta2;
+        assert_eq!(m2(0, &[]).0, 0);
+        assert_eq!(m2(0x20, &[0x00]).0, 32);
+        assert_eq!(m2(0x20, &[0x80, 0x00]).0, 4128);
+        assert_eq!(m2(0x20, &[0x80, 0x80, 0x00]).0, 528416);
+        assert_eq!(m2(0x20, &[0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x00]).0, 67637280);
+
+        // Same values documented in the module docs: M=3
+        let m3 = read_varint_meta3;
+        assert_eq!(m3(0, &[]).0, 0);
+        assert_eq!(m3(0x10, &[0x00]).0, 16);
+        assert_eq!(m3(0x10, &[0x80, 0x00]).0, 2064);
+        assert_eq!(m3(0x10, &[0x80, 0x80, 0x00]).0, 264208);
+        assert_eq!(m3(0x10, &[0x80, 0x80, 0x80, 0x00]).0, 33818640);
+    }
+}

vendor/zerotrie/src/zerotrie.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,888 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+use crate::reader;
+
+use core::borrow::Borrow;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+use crate::{
+    builder::bytestr::ByteStr, builder::nonconst::ZeroTrieBuilder, error::ZeroTrieBuildError,
+};
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+use alloc::{boxed::Box, collections::BTreeMap, collections::VecDeque, string::String, vec::Vec};
+#[cfg(feature = "litemap")]
+use litemap::LiteMap;
+
+/// A data structure that compactly maps from byte sequences to integers.
+///
+/// There are several variants of `ZeroTrie` which are very similar but are optimized
+/// for different use cases:
+///
+/// - [`ZeroTrieSimpleAscii`] is the most compact structure. Very fast for small data.
+///   Only stores ASCII-encoded strings. Can be const-constructed!
+/// - [`ZeroTriePerfectHash`] is also compact, but it also supports arbitrary binary
+///   strings. It also scales better to large data. Cannot be const-constructed.
+/// - [`ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity`] can be used if more than 2^32 bytes are required.
+///
+/// You can create a `ZeroTrie` directly, in which case the most appropriate
+/// backing implementation will be chosen.
+///
+/// # Backing Store
+///
+/// The data structure has a flexible backing data store. The only requirement for most
+/// functionality is that it implement `AsRef<[u8]>`. All of the following are valid
+/// ZeroTrie types:
+///
+/// - `ZeroTrie<[u8]>` (dynamically sized type: must be stored in a reference or Box)
+/// - `ZeroTrie<&[u8]>` (borrows its data from a u8 buffer)
+/// - `ZeroTrie<Vec<u8>>` (fully owned data)
+/// - `ZeroTrie<ZeroVec<u8>>` (the recommended borrowed-or-owned signature)
+/// - `Cow<ZeroTrie<[u8]>>` (another borrowed-or-owned signature)
+/// - `ZeroTrie<Cow<[u8]>>` (another borrowed-or-owned signature)
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use litemap::LiteMap;
+/// use zerotrie::ZeroTrie;
+///
+/// let mut map = LiteMap::<&[u8], usize>::new_vec();
+/// map.insert("foo".as_bytes(), 1);
+/// map.insert("bar".as_bytes(), 2);
+/// map.insert("bazzoo".as_bytes(), 3);
+///
+/// let trie = ZeroTrie::try_from(&map)?;
+///
+/// assert_eq!(trie.get("foo"), Some(1));
+/// assert_eq!(trie.get("bar"), Some(2));
+/// assert_eq!(trie.get("bazzoo"), Some(3));
+/// assert_eq!(trie.get("unknown"), None);
+///
+/// # Ok::<_, zerotrie::ZeroTrieBuildError>(())
+/// ```
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+// Note: The absence of the following derive does not cause any test failures in this crate
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "yoke", derive(yoke::Yokeable))]
+pub struct ZeroTrie<Store>(pub(crate) ZeroTrieFlavor<Store>);
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) enum ZeroTrieFlavor<Store> {
+    SimpleAscii(ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<Store>),
+    PerfectHash(ZeroTriePerfectHash<Store>),
+    ExtendedCapacity(ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity<Store>),
+}
+
+/// A data structure that compactly maps from ASCII strings to integers.
+///
+/// For more information, see [`ZeroTrie`].
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use litemap::LiteMap;
+/// use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+///
+/// let mut map = LiteMap::new_vec();
+/// map.insert(&b"foo"[..], 1);
+/// map.insert(b"bar", 2);
+/// map.insert(b"bazzoo", 3);
+///
+/// let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from(&map)?;
+///
+/// assert_eq!(trie.get(b"foo"), Some(1));
+/// assert_eq!(trie.get(b"bar"), Some(2));
+/// assert_eq!(trie.get(b"bazzoo"), Some(3));
+/// assert_eq!(trie.get(b"unknown"), None);
+///
+/// # Ok::<_, zerotrie::ZeroTrieBuildError>(())
+/// ```
+///
+/// The trie can only store ASCII bytes; a string with non-ASCII always returns None:
+///
+/// ```
+/// use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+///
+/// // A trie with two values: "abc" and "abcdef"
+/// let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_bytes(b"abc\x80def\x81");
+///
+/// assert!(trie.get(b"ab\xFF").is_none());
+/// ```
+#[repr(transparent)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "databake", derive(databake::Bake))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "databake", databake(path = zerotrie))]
+#[allow(clippy::exhaustive_structs)] // databake hidden fields
+pub struct ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<Store: ?Sized> {
+    #[doc(hidden)] // for databake, but there are no invariants
+    pub store: Store,
+}
+
+impl<Store: ?Sized> ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<Store> {
+    fn transparent_ref_from_store(s: &Store) -> &Self {
+        unsafe {
+            // Safety: Self is transparent over Store
+            core::mem::transmute(s)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Store> ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<Store> {
+    /// Wrap this specific ZeroTrie variant into a ZeroTrie.
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn into_zerotrie(self) -> ZeroTrie<Store> {
+        ZeroTrie(ZeroTrieFlavor::SimpleAscii(self))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A data structure that compactly maps from ASCII strings to integers
+/// in a case-insensitive way.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use litemap::LiteMap;
+/// use zerotrie::ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie;
+///
+/// let mut map = LiteMap::new_vec();
+/// map.insert(&b"foo"[..], 1);
+/// map.insert(b"Bar", 2);
+/// map.insert(b"Bazzoo", 3);
+///
+/// let trie = ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie::try_from(&map)?;
+///
+/// assert_eq!(trie.get(b"foo"), Some(1));
+/// assert_eq!(trie.get(b"bar"), Some(2));
+/// assert_eq!(trie.get(b"BAR"), Some(2));
+/// assert_eq!(trie.get(b"bazzoo"), Some(3));
+/// assert_eq!(trie.get(b"unknown"), None);
+///
+/// # Ok::<_, zerotrie::ZeroTrieBuildError>(())
+/// ```
+///
+/// Strings with different cases of the same character at the same offset are not allowed:
+///
+/// ```
+/// use litemap::LiteMap;
+/// use zerotrie::ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie;
+///
+/// let mut map = LiteMap::new_vec();
+/// map.insert(&b"bar"[..], 1);
+/// // OK: 'r' and 'Z' are different letters
+/// map.insert(b"baZ", 2);
+/// // Bad: we already inserted 'r' so we cannot also insert 'R' at the same position
+/// map.insert(b"baR", 2);
+///
+/// ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie::try_from(&map).expect_err("mixed-case strings!");
+/// ```
+#[repr(transparent)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "databake", derive(databake::Bake))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "databake", databake(path = zerotrie))]
+#[allow(clippy::exhaustive_structs)] // databake hidden fields
+pub struct ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie<Store: ?Sized> {
+    #[doc(hidden)] // for databake, but there are no invariants
+    pub store: Store,
+}
+
+impl<Store: ?Sized> ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie<Store> {
+    fn transparent_ref_from_store(s: &Store) -> &Self {
+        unsafe {
+            // Safety: Self is transparent over Store
+            core::mem::transmute(s)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Note: ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie is not a variant of ZeroTrie so there is no `into_zerotrie`
+
+/// A data structure that compactly maps from byte strings to integers.
+///
+/// For more information, see [`ZeroTrie`].
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use litemap::LiteMap;
+/// use zerotrie::ZeroTriePerfectHash;
+///
+/// let mut map = LiteMap::<&[u8], usize>::new_vec();
+/// map.insert("foo".as_bytes(), 1);
+/// map.insert("bår".as_bytes(), 2);
+/// map.insert("båzzøø".as_bytes(), 3);
+///
+/// let trie = ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from(&map)?;
+///
+/// assert_eq!(trie.get("foo".as_bytes()), Some(1));
+/// assert_eq!(trie.get("bår".as_bytes()), Some(2));
+/// assert_eq!(trie.get("båzzøø".as_bytes()), Some(3));
+/// assert_eq!(trie.get("bazzoo".as_bytes()), None);
+///
+/// # Ok::<_, zerotrie::ZeroTrieBuildError>(())
+/// ```
+#[repr(transparent)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "databake", derive(databake::Bake))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "databake", databake(path = zerotrie))]
+#[allow(clippy::exhaustive_structs)] // databake hidden fields
+pub struct ZeroTriePerfectHash<Store: ?Sized> {
+    #[doc(hidden)] // for databake, but there are no invariants
+    pub store: Store,
+}
+
+impl<Store: ?Sized> ZeroTriePerfectHash<Store> {
+    fn transparent_ref_from_store(s: &Store) -> &Self {
+        unsafe {
+            // Safety: Self is transparent over Store
+            core::mem::transmute(s)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Store> ZeroTriePerfectHash<Store> {
+    /// Wrap this specific ZeroTrie variant into a ZeroTrie.
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn into_zerotrie(self) -> ZeroTrie<Store> {
+        ZeroTrie(ZeroTrieFlavor::PerfectHash(self))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A data structure that maps from a large number of byte strings to integers.
+///
+/// For more information, see [`ZeroTrie`].
+#[repr(transparent)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "databake", derive(databake::Bake))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "databake", databake(path = zerotrie))]
+#[allow(clippy::exhaustive_structs)] // databake hidden fields
+pub struct ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity<Store: ?Sized> {
+    #[doc(hidden)] // for databake, but there are no invariants
+    pub store: Store,
+}
+
+impl<Store: ?Sized> ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity<Store> {
+    fn transparent_ref_from_store(s: &Store) -> &Self {
+        unsafe {
+            // Safety: Self is transparent over Store
+            core::mem::transmute(s)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Store> ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity<Store> {
+    /// Wrap this specific ZeroTrie variant into a ZeroTrie.
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn into_zerotrie(self) -> ZeroTrie<Store> {
+        ZeroTrie(ZeroTrieFlavor::ExtendedCapacity(self))
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_zerotrie_subtype {
+    ($name:ident, $iter_element:ty, $iter_fn:path, $iter_ty:ty, $cnv_fn:path) => {
+        impl<Store> $name<Store> {
+            /// Create a trie directly from a store.
+            ///
+            /// If the store does not contain valid bytes, unexpected behavior may occur.
+            #[inline]
+            pub const fn from_store(store: Store) -> Self {
+                Self { store }
+            }
+            /// Takes the byte store from this trie.
+            #[inline]
+            pub fn into_store(self) -> Store {
+                self.store
+            }
+            /// Converts this trie's store to a different store implementing the `From` trait.
+            ///
+            #[doc = concat!("For example, use this to change `", stringify!($name), "<Vec<u8>>` to `", stringify!($name), "<Cow<[u8]>>`.")]
+            ///
+            /// # Examples
+            ///
+            /// ```
+            /// use std::borrow::Cow;
+            #[doc = concat!("use zerotrie::", stringify!($name), ";")]
+            ///
+            #[doc = concat!("let trie: ", stringify!($name), "<Vec<u8>> = ", stringify!($name), "::from_bytes(b\"abc\\x85\").to_owned();")]
+            #[doc = concat!("let cow: ", stringify!($name), "<Cow<[u8]>> = trie.convert_store();")]
+            ///
+            /// assert_eq!(cow.get(b"abc"), Some(5));
+            /// ```
+            pub fn convert_store<X: From<Store>>(self) -> $name<X> {
+                $name::<X>::from_store(X::from(self.store))
+            }
+        }
+        impl<Store> $name<Store>
+        where
+        Store: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        {
+            /// Queries the trie for a string.
+            // Note: We do not need the Borrow trait's guarantees, so we use
+            // the more general AsRef trait.
+            pub fn get<K>(&self, key: K) -> Option<usize> where K: AsRef<[u8]> {
+                reader::get_parameterized::<Self>(self.store.as_ref(), key.as_ref())
+            }
+            /// Returns `true` if the trie is empty.
+            #[inline]
+            pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+                self.store.as_ref().is_empty()
+            }
+            /// Returns the size of the trie in number of bytes.
+            ///
+            /// To get the number of keys in the trie, use `.iter().count()`:
+            ///
+            /// ```
+            #[doc = concat!("use zerotrie::", stringify!($name), ";")]
+            ///
+            /// // A trie with two values: "abc" and "abcdef"
+            #[doc = concat!("let trie: &", stringify!($name), "<[u8]> = ", stringify!($name), "::from_bytes(b\"abc\\x80def\\x81\");")]
+            ///
+            /// assert_eq!(8, trie.byte_len());
+            /// assert_eq!(2, trie.iter().count());
+            /// ```
+            #[inline]
+            pub fn byte_len(&self) -> usize {
+                self.store.as_ref().len()
+            }
+            /// Returns the bytes contained in the underlying store.
+            #[inline]
+            pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+                self.store.as_ref()
+            }
+            /// Returns this trie as a reference transparent over a byte slice.
+            #[inline]
+            pub fn as_borrowed(&self) -> &$name<[u8]> {
+                $name::from_bytes(self.store.as_ref())
+            }
+            /// Returns a trie with a store borrowing from this trie.
+            #[inline]
+            pub fn as_borrowed_slice(&self) -> $name<&[u8]> {
+                $name::from_store(self.store.as_ref())
+            }
+        }
+        impl<Store> AsRef<$name<[u8]>> for $name<Store>
+        where
+        Store: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        {
+            #[inline]
+            fn as_ref(&self) -> &$name<[u8]> {
+                self.as_borrowed()
+            }
+        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+        impl<Store> $name<Store>
+        where
+        Store: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        {
+            /// Converts a possibly-borrowed $name to an owned one.
+            ///
+            /// ✨ *Enabled with the `alloc` Cargo feature.*
+            ///
+            /// # Examples
+            ///
+            /// ```
+            #[doc = concat!("use zerotrie::", stringify!($name), ";")]
+            ///
+            #[doc = concat!("let trie: &", stringify!($name), "<[u8]> = ", stringify!($name), "::from_bytes(b\"abc\\x85\");")]
+            #[doc = concat!("let owned: ", stringify!($name), "<Vec<u8>> = trie.to_owned();")]
+            ///
+            /// assert_eq!(trie.get(b"abc"), Some(5));
+            /// assert_eq!(owned.get(b"abc"), Some(5));
+            /// ```
+            #[inline]
+            pub fn to_owned(&self) -> $name<Vec<u8>> {
+                $name::from_store(
+                    Vec::from(self.store.as_ref()),
+                )
+            }
+            /// Returns an iterator over the key/value pairs in this trie.
+            ///
+            /// ✨ *Enabled with the `alloc` Cargo feature.*
+            ///
+            /// # Examples
+            ///
+            /// ```
+            #[doc = concat!("use zerotrie::", stringify!($name), ";")]
+            ///
+            /// // A trie with two values: "abc" and "abcdef"
+            #[doc = concat!("let trie: &", stringify!($name), "<[u8]> = ", stringify!($name), "::from_bytes(b\"abc\\x80def\\x81\");")]
+            ///
+            /// let mut it = trie.iter();
+            /// assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(("abc".into(), 0)));
+            /// assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(("abcdef".into(), 1)));
+            /// assert_eq!(it.next(), None);
+            /// ```
+            #[inline]
+            pub fn iter(&self) -> $iter_ty {
+                 $iter_fn(self.as_bytes())
+            }
+        }
+        impl $name<[u8]> {
+            /// Casts from a byte slice to a reference to a trie with the same lifetime.
+            ///
+            /// If the bytes are not a valid trie, unexpected behavior may occur.
+            #[inline]
+            pub fn from_bytes(trie: &[u8]) -> &Self {
+                Self::transparent_ref_from_store(trie)
+            }
+        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+        impl $name<Vec<u8>> {
+            pub(crate) fn try_from_tuple_slice(items: &[(&ByteStr, usize)]) -> Result<Self, ZeroTrieBuildError> {
+                use crate::options::ZeroTrieWithOptions;
+                ZeroTrieBuilder::<VecDeque<u8>>::from_sorted_tuple_slice(
+                    items,
+                    Self::OPTIONS,
+                )
+                .map(|s| Self {
+                    store: s.to_bytes(),
+                })
+            }
+        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+        impl<'a, K> FromIterator<(K, usize)> for $name<Vec<u8>>
+        where
+            K: AsRef<[u8]>
+        {
+            fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = (K, usize)>>(iter: T) -> Self {
+                use crate::options::ZeroTrieWithOptions;
+                use crate::builder::nonconst::ZeroTrieBuilder;
+                ZeroTrieBuilder::<VecDeque<u8>>::from_bytes_iter(
+                    iter,
+                    Self::OPTIONS
+                )
+                .map(|s| Self {
+                    store: s.to_bytes(),
+                })
+                .unwrap()
+            }
+        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+        impl<'a, K> TryFrom<&'a BTreeMap<K, usize>> for $name<Vec<u8>>
+        where
+            K: Borrow<[u8]>
+        {
+            type Error = crate::error::ZeroTrieBuildError;
+            fn try_from(map: &'a BTreeMap<K, usize>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+                let tuples: Vec<(&[u8], usize)> = map
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|(k, v)| (k.borrow(), *v))
+                    .collect();
+                let byte_str_slice = ByteStr::from_byte_slice_with_value(&tuples);
+                Self::try_from_tuple_slice(byte_str_slice)
+            }
+        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+        impl<Store> $name<Store>
+        where
+            Store: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized
+        {
+            /// Exports the data from this ZeroTrie type into a BTreeMap.
+            ///
+            /// ✨ *Enabled with the `alloc` Cargo feature.*
+            ///
+            /// # Examples
+            ///
+            /// ```
+            #[doc = concat!("use zerotrie::", stringify!($name), ";")]
+            /// use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+            ///
+            #[doc = concat!("let trie = ", stringify!($name), "::from_bytes(b\"abc\\x81def\\x82\");")]
+            /// let items = trie.to_btreemap();
+            ///
+            /// assert_eq!(items.len(), 2);
+            ///
+            #[doc = concat!("let recovered_trie: ", stringify!($name), "<Vec<u8>> = items")]
+            ///     .into_iter()
+            ///     .collect();
+            /// assert_eq!(trie.as_bytes(), recovered_trie.as_bytes());
+            /// ```
+            pub fn to_btreemap(&self) -> BTreeMap<$iter_element, usize> {
+                self.iter().collect()
+            }
+            #[allow(dead_code)] // not needed for ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie
+            pub(crate) fn to_btreemap_bytes(&self) -> BTreeMap<Box<[u8]>, usize> {
+                self.iter().map(|(k, v)| ($cnv_fn(k), v)).collect()
+            }
+        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+        impl<Store> From<&$name<Store>> for BTreeMap<$iter_element, usize>
+        where
+            Store: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        {
+            #[inline]
+            fn from(other: &$name<Store>) -> Self {
+                other.to_btreemap()
+            }
+        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "litemap")]
+        impl<'a, K, S> TryFrom<&'a LiteMap<K, usize, S>> for $name<Vec<u8>>
+        where
+            K: Borrow<[u8]>,
+            S: litemap::store::StoreIterable<'a, K, usize>,
+        {
+            type Error = crate::error::ZeroTrieBuildError;
+            fn try_from(map: &'a LiteMap<K, usize, S>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+                let tuples: Vec<(&[u8], usize)> = map
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|(k, v)| (k.borrow(), *v))
+                    .collect();
+                let byte_str_slice = ByteStr::from_byte_slice_with_value(&tuples);
+                Self::try_from_tuple_slice(byte_str_slice)
+            }
+        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "litemap")]
+        impl<Store> $name<Store>
+        where
+            Store: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        {
+            /// Exports the data from this ZeroTrie type into a LiteMap.
+            ///
+            /// ✨ *Enabled with the `litemap` Cargo feature.*
+            ///
+            /// # Examples
+            ///
+            /// ```
+            #[doc = concat!("use zerotrie::", stringify!($name), ";")]
+            /// use litemap::LiteMap;
+            ///
+            #[doc = concat!("let trie = ", stringify!($name), "::from_bytes(b\"abc\\x81def\\x82\");")]
+            ///
+            /// let items = trie.to_litemap();
+            /// assert_eq!(items.len(), 2);
+            ///
+            #[doc = concat!("let recovered_trie: ", stringify!($name), "<Vec<u8>> = items")]
+            ///     .iter()
+            ///     .map(|(k, v)| (k, *v))
+            ///     .collect();
+            /// assert_eq!(trie.as_bytes(), recovered_trie.as_bytes());
+            /// ```
+            pub fn to_litemap(&self) -> LiteMap<$iter_element, usize> {
+                self.iter().collect()
+            }
+            #[allow(dead_code)] // not needed for ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie
+            pub(crate) fn to_litemap_bytes(&self) -> LiteMap<Box<[u8]>, usize> {
+                self.iter().map(|(k, v)| ($cnv_fn(k), v)).collect()
+            }
+        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "litemap")]
+        impl<Store> From<&$name<Store>> for LiteMap<$iter_element, usize>
+        where
+            Store: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+        {
+            #[inline]
+            fn from(other: &$name<Store>) -> Self {
+                other.to_litemap()
+            }
+        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "litemap")]
+        impl $name<Vec<u8>>
+        {
+            #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+            pub(crate) fn try_from_serde_litemap(items: &LiteMap<Box<ByteStr>, usize>) -> Result<Self, ZeroTrieBuildError> {
+                let lm_borrowed: LiteMap<&ByteStr, usize> = items.to_borrowed_keys();
+                Self::try_from_tuple_slice(lm_borrowed.as_slice())
+            }
+        }
+        // Note: Can't generalize this impl due to the `core::borrow::Borrow` blanket impl.
+        impl Borrow<$name<[u8]>> for $name<&[u8]> {
+            #[inline]
+            fn borrow(&self) -> &$name<[u8]> {
+                self.as_borrowed()
+            }
+        }
+        // Note: Can't generalize this impl due to the `core::borrow::Borrow` blanket impl.
+        #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+        impl Borrow<$name<[u8]>> for $name<Box<[u8]>> {
+            #[inline]
+            fn borrow(&self) -> &$name<[u8]> {
+                self.as_borrowed()
+            }
+        }
+        // Note: Can't generalize this impl due to the `core::borrow::Borrow` blanket impl.
+        #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+        impl Borrow<$name<[u8]>> for $name<Vec<u8>> {
+            #[inline]
+            fn borrow(&self) -> &$name<[u8]> {
+                self.as_borrowed()
+            }
+        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+        impl alloc::borrow::ToOwned for $name<[u8]> {
+            type Owned = $name<Box<[u8]>>;
+            #[doc = concat!("This impl allows [`", stringify!($name), "`] to be used inside of a [`Cow`](alloc::borrow::Cow).")]
+            ///
+            #[doc = concat!("Note that it is also possible to use `", stringify!($name), "<ZeroVec<u8>>` for a similar result.")]
+            ///
+            /// ✨ *Enabled with the `alloc` Cargo feature.*
+            ///
+            /// # Examples
+            ///
+            /// ```
+            /// use std::borrow::Cow;
+            #[doc = concat!("use zerotrie::", stringify!($name), ";")]
+            ///
+            #[doc = concat!("let trie: Cow<", stringify!($name), "<[u8]>> = Cow::Borrowed(", stringify!($name), "::from_bytes(b\"abc\\x85\"));")]
+            /// assert_eq!(trie.get(b"abc"), Some(5));
+            /// ```
+            fn to_owned(&self) -> Self::Owned {
+                let bytes: &[u8] = self.store.as_ref();
+                $name::from_store(
+                    Vec::from(bytes).into_boxed_slice(),
+                )
+            }
+        }
+        // TODO(#2778): Auto-derive these impls based on the repr(transparent).
+        //
+        // Safety (based on the safety checklist on the VarULE trait):
+        //  1. `$name` does not include any uninitialized or padding bytes as it is `repr(transparent)`
+        //     over a `VarULE` type, `Store`, as evidenced by the existence of `transparent_ref_from_store()`
+        //  2. `$name` is aligned to 1 byte for the same reason
+        //  3. The impl of `validate_bytes()` returns an error if any byte is not valid (passed down to `VarULE` impl of `Store`)
+        //  4. The impl of `validate_bytes()` returns an error if the slice cannot be used in its entirety (passed down to `VarULE` impl of `Store`)
+        //  5. The impl of `from_bytes_unchecked()` returns a reference to the same data.
+        //  6. `parse_bytes()` is left to its default impl
+        //  7. byte equality is semantic equality
+        #[cfg(feature = "zerovec")]
+        unsafe impl<Store> zerovec::ule::VarULE for $name<Store>
+        where
+            Store: zerovec::ule::VarULE,
+        {
+            #[inline]
+            fn validate_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<(), zerovec::ule::UleError> {
+                Store::validate_bytes(bytes)
+            }
+            #[inline]
+            unsafe fn from_bytes_unchecked(bytes: &[u8]) -> &Self {
+                // Safety: we can pass down the validity invariant to Store
+                Self::transparent_ref_from_store(Store::from_bytes_unchecked(bytes))
+            }
+        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "zerofrom")]
+        impl<'zf, Store1, Store2> zerofrom::ZeroFrom<'zf, $name<Store1>> for $name<Store2>
+        where
+            Store2: zerofrom::ZeroFrom<'zf, Store1>,
+        {
+            #[inline]
+            fn zero_from(other: &'zf $name<Store1>) -> Self {
+                $name::from_store(zerofrom::ZeroFrom::zero_from(&other.store))
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+fn string_to_box_u8(input: String) -> Box<[u8]> {
+    input.into_boxed_str().into_boxed_bytes()
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)] // subject to change
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+pub type ZeroTrieStringIterator<'a> =
+    core::iter::Map<reader::ZeroTrieIterator<'a>, fn((Vec<u8>, usize)) -> (String, usize)>;
+
+impl_zerotrie_subtype!(
+    ZeroTrieSimpleAscii,
+    String,
+    reader::get_iter_ascii_or_panic,
+    ZeroTrieStringIterator<'_>,
+    string_to_box_u8
+);
+impl_zerotrie_subtype!(
+    ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie,
+    String,
+    reader::get_iter_ascii_or_panic,
+    ZeroTrieStringIterator<'_>,
+    string_to_box_u8
+);
+impl_zerotrie_subtype!(
+    ZeroTriePerfectHash,
+    Vec<u8>,
+    reader::get_iter_phf,
+    reader::ZeroTrieIterator<'_>,
+    Vec::into_boxed_slice
+);
+impl_zerotrie_subtype!(
+    ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity,
+    Vec<u8>,
+    reader::get_iter_phf,
+    reader::ZeroTrieIterator<'_>,
+    Vec::into_boxed_slice
+);
+
+macro_rules! impl_dispatch {
+    ($self:ident, $inner_fn:ident()) => {
+        match $self.0 {
+            ZeroTrieFlavor::SimpleAscii(subtype) => subtype.$inner_fn(),
+            ZeroTrieFlavor::PerfectHash(subtype) => subtype.$inner_fn(),
+            ZeroTrieFlavor::ExtendedCapacity(subtype) => subtype.$inner_fn(),
+        }
+    };
+    ($self:ident, $inner_fn:ident().into_zerotrie()) => {
+        match $self.0 {
+            ZeroTrieFlavor::SimpleAscii(subtype) => subtype.$inner_fn().into_zerotrie(),
+            ZeroTrieFlavor::PerfectHash(subtype) => subtype.$inner_fn().into_zerotrie(),
+            ZeroTrieFlavor::ExtendedCapacity(subtype) => subtype.$inner_fn().into_zerotrie(),
+        }
+    };
+    (&$self:ident, $inner_fn:ident()) => {
+        match &$self.0 {
+            ZeroTrieFlavor::SimpleAscii(subtype) => subtype.$inner_fn(),
+            ZeroTrieFlavor::PerfectHash(subtype) => subtype.$inner_fn(),
+            ZeroTrieFlavor::ExtendedCapacity(subtype) => subtype.$inner_fn(),
+        }
+    };
+    ($self:ident, $inner_fn:ident($arg:ident)) => {
+        match $self.0 {
+            ZeroTrieFlavor::SimpleAscii(subtype) => subtype.$inner_fn($arg),
+            ZeroTrieFlavor::PerfectHash(subtype) => subtype.$inner_fn($arg),
+            ZeroTrieFlavor::ExtendedCapacity(subtype) => subtype.$inner_fn($arg),
+        }
+    };
+    (&$self:ident, $inner_fn:ident($arg:ident)) => {
+        match &$self.0 {
+            ZeroTrieFlavor::SimpleAscii(subtype) => subtype.$inner_fn($arg),
+            ZeroTrieFlavor::PerfectHash(subtype) => subtype.$inner_fn($arg),
+            ZeroTrieFlavor::ExtendedCapacity(subtype) => subtype.$inner_fn($arg),
+        }
+    };
+    (&$self:ident, $trait:ident::$inner_fn:ident()) => {
+        match &$self.0 {
+            ZeroTrieFlavor::SimpleAscii(subtype) => {
+                ZeroTrie(ZeroTrieFlavor::SimpleAscii($trait::$inner_fn(subtype)))
+            }
+            ZeroTrieFlavor::PerfectHash(subtype) => {
+                ZeroTrie(ZeroTrieFlavor::PerfectHash($trait::$inner_fn(subtype)))
+            }
+            ZeroTrieFlavor::ExtendedCapacity(subtype) => {
+                ZeroTrie(ZeroTrieFlavor::ExtendedCapacity($trait::$inner_fn(subtype)))
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl<Store> ZeroTrie<Store> {
+    /// Takes the byte store from this trie.
+    pub fn into_store(self) -> Store {
+        impl_dispatch!(self, into_store())
+    }
+    /// Converts this trie's store to a different store implementing the `From` trait.
+    ///
+    /// For example, use this to change `ZeroTrie<Vec<u8>>` to `ZeroTrie<Cow<[u8]>>`.
+    pub fn convert_store<NewStore>(self) -> ZeroTrie<NewStore>
+    where
+        NewStore: From<Store>,
+    {
+        impl_dispatch!(self, convert_store().into_zerotrie())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Store> ZeroTrie<Store>
+where
+    Store: AsRef<[u8]>,
+{
+    /// Queries the trie for a string.
+    pub fn get<K>(&self, key: K) -> Option<usize>
+    where
+        K: AsRef<[u8]>,
+    {
+        impl_dispatch!(&self, get(key))
+    }
+    /// Returns `true` if the trie is empty.
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        impl_dispatch!(&self, is_empty())
+    }
+    /// Returns the size of the trie in number of bytes.
+    ///
+    /// To get the number of keys in the trie, use `.iter().count()`.
+    pub fn byte_len(&self) -> usize {
+        impl_dispatch!(&self, byte_len())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+impl<Store> ZeroTrie<Store>
+where
+    Store: AsRef<[u8]>,
+{
+    /// Exports the data from this ZeroTrie into a BTreeMap.
+    ///
+    /// ✨ *Enabled with the `alloc` Cargo feature.*
+    pub fn to_btreemap(&self) -> BTreeMap<Box<[u8]>, usize> {
+        impl_dispatch!(&self, to_btreemap_bytes())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "litemap")]
+impl<Store> ZeroTrie<Store>
+where
+    Store: AsRef<[u8]>,
+{
+    /// Exports the data from this ZeroTrie into a LiteMap.
+    pub fn to_litemap(&self) -> LiteMap<Box<[u8]>, usize> {
+        impl_dispatch!(&self, to_litemap_bytes())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+impl ZeroTrie<Vec<u8>> {
+    pub(crate) fn try_from_tuple_slice(
+        items: &[(&ByteStr, usize)],
+    ) -> Result<Self, ZeroTrieBuildError> {
+        let is_all_ascii = items.iter().all(|(s, _)| s.is_all_ascii());
+        if is_all_ascii && items.len() < 512 {
+            ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from_tuple_slice(items).map(|x| x.into_zerotrie())
+        } else {
+            ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from_tuple_slice(items).map(|x| x.into_zerotrie())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+impl<K> FromIterator<(K, usize)> for ZeroTrie<Vec<u8>>
+where
+    K: AsRef<[u8]>,
+{
+    fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = (K, usize)>>(iter: T) -> Self {
+        // We need two Vecs because the first one anchors the `K`s that the second one borrows.
+        let items = Vec::from_iter(iter);
+        let mut items: Vec<(&[u8], usize)> = items.iter().map(|(k, v)| (k.as_ref(), *v)).collect();
+        items.sort();
+        let byte_str_slice = ByteStr::from_byte_slice_with_value(&items);
+        #[expect(clippy::unwrap_used)] // FromIterator is panicky
+        Self::try_from_tuple_slice(byte_str_slice).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "databake")]
+impl<Store> databake::Bake for ZeroTrie<Store>
+where
+    Store: databake::Bake,
+{
+    fn bake(&self, env: &databake::CrateEnv) -> databake::TokenStream {
+        use databake::*;
+        let inner = impl_dispatch!(&self, bake(env));
+        quote! { #inner.into_zerotrie() }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "databake")]
+impl<Store> databake::BakeSize for ZeroTrie<Store>
+where
+    Store: databake::BakeSize,
+{
+    fn borrows_size(&self) -> usize {
+        impl_dispatch!(&self, borrows_size())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "zerofrom")]
+impl<'zf, Store1, Store2> zerofrom::ZeroFrom<'zf, ZeroTrie<Store1>> for ZeroTrie<Store2>
+where
+    Store2: zerofrom::ZeroFrom<'zf, Store1>,
+{
+    fn zero_from(other: &'zf ZeroTrie<Store1>) -> Self {
+        use zerofrom::ZeroFrom;
+        impl_dispatch!(&other, ZeroFrom::zero_from())
+    }
+}

vendor/zerotrie/tests/asciitrie_test.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+use postcard::ser_flavors::{AllocVec, Flavor};
+use serde::Serialize;
+use zerotrie::ZeroTriePerfectHash;
+use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+use zerovec::ZeroMap;
+
+mod testdata {
+    include!("data/data.rs");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_basic() {
+    let bytes_ascii = testdata::basic::TRIE_ASCII;
+    let data_ascii = testdata::basic::DATA_ASCII;
+    let trie_ascii = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::from_bytes(bytes_ascii);
+    let trie_phf_ascii = ZeroTriePerfectHash::from_bytes(bytes_ascii);
+
+    let bytes_unicode = testdata::basic::TRIE_UNICODE;
+    let data_unicode = testdata::basic::DATA_UNICODE;
+    let trie_phf_unicode = ZeroTriePerfectHash::from_bytes(bytes_unicode);
+
+    let bytes_binary = testdata::basic::TRIE_BINARY;
+    let data_binary = testdata::basic::DATA_BINARY;
+    let trie_phf_binary = ZeroTriePerfectHash::from_bytes(bytes_binary);
+
+    // Check that the getter works
+    for (key, expected) in data_ascii {
+        let actual = match trie_ascii.get(key) {
+            Some(v) => v,
+            None => panic!("value should be in trie: {key:?} => {expected}"),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(*expected, actual);
+        let actual = match trie_phf_ascii.get(key) {
+            Some(v) => v,
+            None => panic!("value should be in trie6: {key:?} => {expected}"),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(*expected, actual);
+    }
+
+    for (key, expected) in data_unicode {
+        let actual_unicode = match trie_phf_unicode.get(key) {
+            Some(v) => v,
+            None => panic!("value should be in trie6: {key:?} => {expected}"),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(*expected, actual_unicode);
+    }
+
+    for (key, expected) in data_binary {
+        let actual_bin6 = match trie_phf_binary.get(key) {
+            Some(v) => v,
+            None => panic!("value should be in trie6: {key:?} => {expected}"),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(*expected, actual_bin6);
+    }
+
+    // Compare the size to a postcard ZeroMap
+    let zm: ZeroMap<[u8], u32> = data_ascii.iter().map(|(a, b)| (*a, *b as u32)).collect();
+    let mut serializer = postcard::Serializer {
+        output: AllocVec::new(),
+    };
+    Serialize::serialize(&zm, &mut serializer).unwrap();
+    let zeromap_bytes = serializer
+        .output
+        .finalize()
+        .expect("Failed to finalize serializer output");
+
+    assert_eq!(26, bytes_ascii.len());
+    assert_eq!(77, zeromap_bytes.len());
+}

vendor/zerotrie/tests/builder_test.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,855 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+use litemap::LiteMap;
+use zerotrie::ZeroTriePerfectHash;
+use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+
+mod testdata {
+    include!("data/data.rs");
+}
+
+use testdata::strings_to_litemap;
+
+const NON_EXISTENT_STRINGS: &[&str] = &[
+    "a9PS", "ahsY", "ahBO", "a8IN", "xk8o", "xv1l", "xI2S", "618y", "d6My", "uszy",
+];
+
+macro_rules! assert_bytes_eq {
+    ($len:literal, $a:expr, $b:expr) => {
+        assert_eq!($len, $a.len());
+        assert_eq!($a, $b);
+    };
+}
+
+fn check_simple_ascii_trie<S>(items: &LiteMap<&[u8], usize>, trie: &ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<S>)
+where
+    S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+{
+    // Check that each item is in the trie
+    for (k, v) in items.iter() {
+        assert_eq!(trie.get(k), Some(*v));
+    }
+    // Check that some items are not in the trie
+    for s in NON_EXISTENT_STRINGS.iter() {
+        assert_eq!(trie.get(s.as_bytes()), None);
+    }
+    // Check that the iterator returns items in the same order as the LiteMap
+    assert!(items
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(s, v)| (String::from_utf8(s.to_vec()).unwrap(), *v))
+        .eq(trie.iter()));
+    // Check that the const builder works
+    let const_trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from_litemap_with_const_builder(items).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(trie.as_bytes(), const_trie.as_bytes());
+}
+
+fn check_phf_ascii_trie<S>(items: &LiteMap<&[u8], usize>, trie: &ZeroTriePerfectHash<S>)
+where
+    S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+{
+    // Check that each item is in the trie
+    for (k, v) in items.iter() {
+        assert_eq!(trie.get(k), Some(*v));
+    }
+    // Check that some items are not in the trie
+    for s in NON_EXISTENT_STRINGS.iter() {
+        assert_eq!(trie.get(s.as_bytes()), None);
+    }
+    // Check that the iterator returns the contents of the LiteMap
+    // Note: Since the items might not be in order, we collect them into a new LiteMap
+    let recovered_items: LiteMap<_, _> = trie.iter().collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        items.to_borrowed_keys_values::<[u8], usize, Vec<_>>(),
+        recovered_items.to_borrowed_keys_values()
+    );
+}
+
+fn check_phf_bytes_trie<S>(items: &LiteMap<&[u8], usize>, trie: &ZeroTriePerfectHash<S>)
+where
+    S: AsRef<[u8]> + ?Sized,
+{
+    // Check that each item is in the trie
+    for (k, v) in items.iter() {
+        assert_eq!(trie.get(k), Some(*v), "{k:?}");
+    }
+    // Check that some items are not in the trie
+    for s in NON_EXISTENT_STRINGS.iter() {
+        assert_eq!(trie.get(s.as_bytes()), None, "{s:?}");
+    }
+    // Check that the iterator returns the contents of the LiteMap
+    // Note: Since the items might not be in order, we collect them into a new LiteMap
+    let recovered_items: LiteMap<_, _> = trie.iter().collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        items.to_borrowed_keys_values::<[u8], usize, Vec<_>>(),
+        recovered_items.to_borrowed_keys_values()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_basic() {
+    let lm1a: LiteMap<&[u8], usize> = testdata::basic::DATA_ASCII.iter().copied().collect();
+    let lm1b: LiteMap<&[u8], usize> = lm1a.to_borrowed_keys();
+    let lm2: LiteMap<&[u8], usize> = testdata::basic::DATA_UNICODE.iter().copied().collect();
+    let lm3: LiteMap<&[u8], usize> = testdata::basic::DATA_BINARY.iter().copied().collect();
+
+    let expected_bytes = testdata::basic::TRIE_ASCII;
+    let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from(&lm1a).unwrap();
+    assert_bytes_eq!(26, trie.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+    check_simple_ascii_trie(&lm1a, &trie);
+
+    let trie = ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from(&lm1b).unwrap();
+    assert_bytes_eq!(26, trie.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+    check_phf_ascii_trie(&lm1a, &trie);
+
+    let expected_bytes = testdata::basic::TRIE_UNICODE;
+    let trie = ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from(&lm2).unwrap();
+    assert_bytes_eq!(39, trie.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+    check_phf_bytes_trie(&lm2, &trie);
+
+    let expected_bytes = testdata::basic::TRIE_BINARY;
+    let trie = ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from(&lm3).unwrap();
+    assert_bytes_eq!(26, trie.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+    check_phf_bytes_trie(&lm3, &trie);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_empty() {
+    let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from(&LiteMap::<&[u8], usize>::new_vec()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(trie.byte_len(), 0);
+    assert!(trie.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b""), None);
+    assert_eq!(trie.as_bytes(), &[]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_single_empty_value() {
+    let litemap: LiteMap<&[u8], usize> = [
+        (&b""[..], 10), //
+    ]
+    .into_iter()
+    .collect();
+    let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from(&litemap.as_sliced()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b""), Some(10));
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"x"), None);
+    let expected_bytes = &[0b10001010];
+    assert_eq!(trie.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+
+    let litemap_bytes = litemap.to_borrowed_keys::<[u8], Vec<_>>();
+    let trie_phf = ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from(&litemap_bytes).unwrap();
+    assert_bytes_eq!(1, trie_phf.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+    check_phf_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie_phf);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_single_byte_string() {
+    let litemap: LiteMap<&[u8], usize> = [
+        (&b"x"[..], 10), //
+    ]
+    .into_iter()
+    .collect();
+    let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from(&litemap.as_sliced()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b""), None);
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"xy"), None);
+    check_simple_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie);
+    let expected_bytes = &[b'x', 0b10001010];
+    assert_bytes_eq!(2, trie.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+
+    let litemap_bytes = litemap.to_borrowed_keys::<[u8], Vec<_>>();
+    let trie_phf = ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from(&litemap_bytes).unwrap();
+    assert_bytes_eq!(2, trie_phf.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+    check_phf_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie_phf);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_single_string() {
+    let litemap: LiteMap<&[u8], usize> = [
+        (&b"xyz"[..], 10), //
+    ]
+    .into_iter()
+    .collect();
+    let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from(&litemap.as_sliced()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b""), None);
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"x"), None);
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"xy"), None);
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"xyzz"), None);
+    check_simple_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie);
+    let expected_bytes = &[b'x', b'y', b'z', 0b10001010];
+    assert_bytes_eq!(4, trie.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+
+    let litemap_bytes = litemap.to_borrowed_keys::<[u8], Vec<_>>();
+    let trie_phf = ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from(&litemap_bytes).unwrap();
+    assert_bytes_eq!(4, trie_phf.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+    check_phf_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie_phf);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_prefix_strings() {
+    let litemap: LiteMap<&[u8], usize> = [(&b"x"[..], 0), (b"xy", 1)].into_iter().collect();
+    let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from(&litemap.as_sliced()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b""), None);
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"xyz"), None);
+    check_simple_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie);
+    let expected_bytes = &[b'x', 0b10000000, b'y', 0b10000001];
+    assert_bytes_eq!(4, trie.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+
+    let litemap_bytes = litemap.to_borrowed_keys::<[u8], Vec<_>>();
+    let trie_phf = ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from(&litemap_bytes).unwrap();
+    assert_bytes_eq!(4, trie_phf.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+    check_phf_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie_phf);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_single_byte_branch() {
+    let litemap: LiteMap<&[u8], usize> = [(&b"x"[..], 0), (b"y", 1)].into_iter().collect();
+    let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from(&litemap.as_sliced()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b""), None);
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"xy"), None);
+    check_simple_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie);
+    let expected_bytes = &[0b11000010, b'x', b'y', 1, 0b10000000, 0b10000001];
+    assert_bytes_eq!(6, trie.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+
+    let litemap_bytes = litemap.to_borrowed_keys::<[u8], Vec<_>>();
+    let trie_phf = ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from(&litemap_bytes).unwrap();
+    assert_bytes_eq!(6, trie_phf.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+    check_phf_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie_phf);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multi_byte_branch() {
+    let litemap: LiteMap<&[u8], usize> = [(&b"axb"[..], 0), (b"ayc", 1)].into_iter().collect();
+    let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from(&litemap.as_sliced()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b""), None);
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"a"), None);
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"ax"), None);
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"ay"), None);
+    check_simple_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie);
+    let expected_bytes = &[
+        b'a', 0b11000010, b'x', b'y', 2, b'b', 0b10000000, b'c', 0b10000001,
+    ];
+    assert_bytes_eq!(9, trie.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+
+    let litemap_bytes = litemap.to_borrowed_keys::<[u8], Vec<_>>();
+    let trie_phf = ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from(&litemap_bytes).unwrap();
+    assert_bytes_eq!(9, trie_phf.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+    check_phf_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie_phf);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_linear_varint_values() {
+    let litemap: LiteMap<&[u8], usize> = [(&b""[..], 100), (b"x", 500), (b"xyz", 5000)]
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect();
+    let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from(&litemap.as_sliced()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"xy"), None);
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"xz"), None);
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"xyzz"), None);
+    check_simple_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie);
+    let expected_bytes = &[0x90, 0x54, b'x', 0x93, 0x64, b'y', b'z', 0x90, 0x96, 0x78];
+    assert_bytes_eq!(10, trie.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+
+    let litemap_bytes = litemap.to_borrowed_keys::<[u8], Vec<_>>();
+    let trie_phf = ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from(&litemap_bytes).unwrap();
+    assert_bytes_eq!(10, trie_phf.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+    check_phf_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie_phf);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_bug() {
+    let litemap: LiteMap<&[u8], usize> = [(&b"abc"[..], 100), (b"abcd", 500), (b"abcde", 5000)]
+        .into_iter()
+        .collect();
+    let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from(&litemap.as_sliced()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"ab"), None);
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"abd"), None);
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"abCD"), None);
+    check_simple_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie);
+
+    let litemap_bytes = litemap.to_borrowed_keys::<[u8], Vec<_>>();
+    let trie_phf = ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from(&litemap_bytes).unwrap();
+    check_phf_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie_phf);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_varint_branch() {
+    let chars = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
+    let litemap: LiteMap<&[u8], usize> = (0..chars.len())
+        .map(|i| (chars.get(i..i + 1).unwrap().as_bytes(), i))
+        .collect();
+    let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from(&litemap.as_sliced()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b""), None);
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"ax"), None);
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"ay"), None);
+    check_simple_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie);
+    #[rustfmt::skip]
+    let expected_bytes = &[
+        0b11100000, // branch varint lead
+        0x14,       // branch varint trail
+        // search array:
+        b'A', b'B', b'C', b'D', b'E', b'F', b'G', b'H', b'I', b'J',
+        b'K', b'L', b'M', b'N', b'O', b'P', b'Q', b'R', b'S', b'T',
+        b'U', b'V', b'W', b'X', b'Y', b'Z',
+        b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j',
+        b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r', b's', b't',
+        b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z',
+        // offset array:
+        1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20,
+        22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52,
+        54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84,
+        86,
+        // single-byte values:
+        0x80, (0x80 | 1), (0x80 | 2), (0x80 | 3), (0x80 | 4),
+        (0x80 | 5), (0x80 | 6), (0x80 | 7), (0x80 | 8), (0x80 | 9),
+        (0x80 | 10), (0x80 | 11), (0x80 | 12), (0x80 | 13), (0x80 | 14),
+        (0x80 | 15),
+        // multi-byte values:
+        0x90, 0, 0x90, 1, 0x90, 2, 0x90, 3, 0x90, 4, 0x90, 5,
+        0x90, 6, 0x90, 7, 0x90, 8, 0x90, 9, 0x90, 10, 0x90, 11,
+        0x90, 12, 0x90, 13, 0x90, 14, 0x90, 15, 0x90, 16, 0x90, 17,
+        0x90, 18, 0x90, 19, 0x90, 20, 0x90, 21, 0x90, 22, 0x90, 23,
+        0x90, 24, 0x90, 25, 0x90, 26, 0x90, 27, 0x90, 28, 0x90, 29,
+        0x90, 30, 0x90, 31, 0x90, 32, 0x90, 33, 0x90, 34, 0x90, 35,
+    ];
+    assert_bytes_eq!(193, trie.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+
+    #[rustfmt::skip]
+    let expected_bytes = &[
+        0b11100000, // branch varint lead
+        0x14,       // branch varint trail
+        // PHF metadata:
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 10, 12, 16, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 8,
+        4, 4, 4, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 7,
+        // search array:
+        b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o',
+        b'p', b'u', b'v', b'w', b'D', b'E', b'F', b'q',
+        b'r', b'A', b'B', b'C', b'x', b'y', b'z', b's',
+        b'H', b'I', b'J', b'G', b'P', b'Q', b'R', b'S',
+        b'T', b'U', b'V', b'W', b'X', b'Y', b'Z', b'K',
+        b'L', b'M', b'N', b'O', b'g', b'a', b'b', b'c',
+        b't', b'd', b'f', b'e',
+        // offset array:
+        2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14,
+        16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27,
+        29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 38, 40,
+        42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51,
+        53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67,
+        68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 76, 78,
+        80, 82, 84, 86,
+        // values:
+        0x90, 17, 0x90, 18, 0x90, 19, 0x90, 20, 0x90, 21, 0x90, 22, 0x90, 23,
+        0x90, 24, 0x90, 25, 0x90, 30, 0x90, 31, 0x90, 32, 0x80 | 3, 0x80 | 4,
+        0x80 | 5, 0x90, 26, 0x90, 27, 0x80, 0x80 | 1, 0x80 | 2, 0x90, 33,
+        0x90, 34, 0x90, 35, 0x90, 28, 0x80 | 7, 0x80 | 8, 0x80 | 9, 0x80 | 6,
+        0x80 | 15, 0x90, 0, 0x90, 1, 0x90, 2, 0x90, 3, 0x90, 4, 0x90, 5,
+        0x90, 6, 0x90, 7, 0x90, 8, 0x90, 9, 0x80 | 10, 0x80 | 11, 0x80 | 12,
+        0x80 | 13, 0x80 | 14, 0x90, 16, 0x90, 10, 0x90, 11, 0x90, 12, 0x90, 29,
+        0x90, 13, 0x90, 15, 0x90, 14,
+    ];
+    let litemap_bytes = litemap.to_borrowed_keys::<[u8], Vec<_>>();
+    let trie_phf = ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from(&litemap_bytes).unwrap();
+    assert_bytes_eq!(246, trie_phf.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+    check_phf_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie_phf);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_below_wide() {
+    let litemap: LiteMap<&[u8], usize> = [
+        (&b"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"[..], 1),
+        (b"bcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyza", 2),
+        (b"cdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzab", 3),
+        (b"defghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabc", 4),
+        (b"efghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcd", 5),
+        (b"fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcde", 6),
+        (b"ghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdef", 7),
+        (b"hijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefg", 8),
+        (b"ijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefgh", 9),
+        (b"jklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcd", 10),
+    ]
+    .into_iter()
+    .collect();
+    let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from(&litemap.as_sliced()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b""), None);
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"abc"), None);
+    check_simple_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie);
+    #[rustfmt::skip]
+    let expected_bytes = &[
+        0b11001010, // branch
+        // search array:
+        b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j',
+        // offset array:
+        26, 52, 78, 104, 130, 156, 182, 208, 234,
+        // offset data:
+        b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n',
+        b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r', b's', b't', b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z',
+        0x81,
+        b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o',
+        b'p', b'q', b'r', b's', b't', b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a',
+        0x82,
+        b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p',
+        b'q', b'r', b's', b't', b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b',
+        0x83,
+        b'e', b'f', b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q',
+        b'r', b's', b't', b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b', b'c',
+        0x84,
+        b'f', b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r',
+        b's', b't', b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd',
+        0x85,
+        b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r', b's',
+        b't', b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e',
+        0x86,
+        b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r', b's', b't',
+        b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f',
+        0x87,
+        b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r', b's', b't', b'u',
+        b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g',
+        0x88,
+        b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r', b's', b't', b'u', b'v',
+        b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g', b'h',
+        0x89,
+        b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r', b's', b't', b'u', b'v', b'w',
+        b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd',
+        0x8A,
+    ];
+    assert_bytes_eq!(275, trie.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_at_wide() {
+    let litemap: LiteMap<&[u8], usize> = [
+        (&b"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"[..], 1),
+        (b"bcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyza", 2),
+        (b"cdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzab", 3),
+        (b"defghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabc", 4),
+        (b"efghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcd", 5),
+        (b"fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcde", 6),
+        (b"ghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdef", 7),
+        (b"hijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefg", 8),
+        (b"ijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefgh", 9),
+        (b"jklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcde", 10),
+    ]
+    .into_iter()
+    .collect();
+    let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from(&litemap.as_sliced()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b""), None);
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"abc"), None);
+    check_simple_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie);
+    #[rustfmt::skip]
+    let expected_bytes = &[
+        0b11100001, // branch lead
+        0x6A, // branch trail
+        // search array:
+        b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j',
+        // offset array (wide):
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        26, 52, 78, 104, 130, 156, 182, 208, 234,
+        // offset data:
+        b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n',
+        b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r', b's', b't', b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z',
+        0x81,
+        b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o',
+        b'p', b'q', b'r', b's', b't', b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a',
+        0x82,
+        b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p',
+        b'q', b'r', b's', b't', b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b',
+        0x83,
+        b'e', b'f', b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q',
+        b'r', b's', b't', b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b', b'c',
+        0x84,
+        b'f', b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r',
+        b's', b't', b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd',
+        0x85,
+        b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r', b's',
+        b't', b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e',
+        0x86,
+        b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r', b's', b't',
+        b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f',
+        0x87,
+        b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r', b's', b't', b'u',
+        b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g',
+        0x88,
+        b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r', b's', b't', b'u', b'v',
+        b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g', b'h',
+        0x89,
+        b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r', b's', b't', b'u', b'v', b'w',
+        b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e',
+        0x8A,
+    ];
+    assert_bytes_eq!(286, trie.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_at_wide_plus() {
+    let litemap: LiteMap<&[u8], usize> = [
+        (&b"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"[..], 1),
+        (b"bcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyza", 2),
+        (b"cdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzab", 3),
+        (b"defghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabc", 4),
+        (b"efghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcd", 5),
+        (b"fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcde", 6),
+        (b"ghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdef", 7),
+        (b"hijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefg", 8),
+        (b"ijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdefgh", 9),
+        (b"jklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdef", 10),
+    ]
+    .into_iter()
+    .collect();
+    let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from(&litemap.as_sliced()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b""), None);
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"abc"), None);
+    check_simple_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie);
+    #[rustfmt::skip]
+    let expected_bytes = &[
+        0b11100001, // branch lead
+        0x6A, // branch trail
+        // search array:
+        b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j',
+        // offset array (wide):
+        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+        26, 52, 78, 104, 130, 156, 182, 208, 234,
+        // offset data:
+        b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n',
+        b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r', b's', b't', b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z',
+        0x81,
+        b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o',
+        b'p', b'q', b'r', b's', b't', b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a',
+        0x82,
+        b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p',
+        b'q', b'r', b's', b't', b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b',
+        0x83,
+        b'e', b'f', b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q',
+        b'r', b's', b't', b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b', b'c',
+        0x84,
+        b'f', b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r',
+        b's', b't', b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd',
+        0x85,
+        b'g', b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r', b's',
+        b't', b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e',
+        0x86,
+        b'h', b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r', b's', b't',
+        b'u', b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f',
+        0x87,
+        b'i', b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r', b's', b't', b'u',
+        b'v', b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g',
+        0x88,
+        b'j', b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r', b's', b't', b'u', b'v',
+        b'w', b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f', b'g', b'h',
+        0x89,
+        b'k', b'l', b'm', b'n', b'o', b'p', b'q', b'r', b's', b't', b'u', b'v', b'w',
+        b'x', b'y', b'z', b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd', b'e', b'f',
+        0x8A,
+    ];
+    assert_bytes_eq!(287, trie.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_everything() {
+    let litemap: LiteMap<&[u8], usize> = [
+        (&b""[..], 0),
+        (b"axb", 100),
+        (b"ayc", 2),
+        (b"azd", 3),
+        (b"bxe", 4),
+        (b"bxefg", 500),
+        (b"bxefh", 6),
+        (b"bxei", 7),
+        (b"bxeikl", 8),
+    ]
+    .into_iter()
+    .collect();
+    let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from(&litemap.as_sliced()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b""), Some(0));
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"a"), None);
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"ax"), None);
+    assert_eq!(trie.get(b"ay"), None);
+    check_simple_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie);
+    let expected_bytes = &[
+        0b10000000, // value 0
+        0b11000010, // branch of 2
+        b'a',       //
+        b'b',       //
+        13,         //
+        0b11000011, // branch of 3
+        b'x',       //
+        b'y',       //
+        b'z',       //
+        3,          //
+        5,          //
+        b'b',       //
+        0b10010000, // value 100 (lead)
+        0x54,       // value 100 (trail)
+        b'c',       //
+        0b10000010, // value 2
+        b'd',       //
+        0b10000011, // value 3
+        b'x',       //
+        b'e',       //
+        0b10000100, // value 4
+        0b11000010, // branch of 2
+        b'f',       //
+        b'i',       //
+        7,          //
+        0b11000010, // branch of 2
+        b'g',       //
+        b'h',       //
+        2,          //
+        0b10010011, // value 500 (lead)
+        0x64,       // value 500 (trail)
+        0b10000110, // value 6
+        0b10000111, // value 7
+        b'k',       //
+        b'l',       //
+        0b10001000, // value 8
+    ];
+    assert_bytes_eq!(36, trie.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+
+    #[rustfmt::skip]
+    let expected_bytes = &[
+        0b10000000, // value 0
+        0b11000010, // branch of 2
+        b'a',       //
+        b'b',       //
+        13,         //
+        0b11000011, // start of 'a' subtree: branch of 3
+        b'x',       //
+        b'y',       //
+        b'z',       //
+        3,          //
+        5,          //
+        b'b',       //
+        0b10010000, // value 100 (lead)
+        0x54,       // value 100 (trail)
+        b'c',       //
+        0b10000010, // value 2
+        b'd',       //
+        0b10000011, // value 3
+        b'x',       // start of 'b' subtree
+        b'e',       //
+        0b10000100, // value 4
+        0b11000010, // branch of 2
+        b'f',       //
+        b'i',       //
+        7,          //
+        0b11000010, // branch of 2
+        b'g',       //
+        b'h',       //
+        2,          //
+        0b10010011, // value 500 (lead)
+        0x64,       // value 500 (trail)
+        0b10000110, // value 6
+        0b10000111, // value 7
+        b'k',       //
+        b'l',       //
+        0b10001000, // value 8
+    ];
+    let litemap_bytes = litemap.to_borrowed_keys::<[u8], Vec<_>>();
+    let trie_phf = ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from(&litemap_bytes).unwrap();
+    assert_bytes_eq!(36, trie_phf.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+    check_phf_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie_phf);
+
+    let zhm: zerovec::ZeroMap<[u8], u32> = litemap.iter().map(|(a, b)| (*a, *b as u32)).collect();
+    let zhm_buf = postcard::to_allocvec(&zhm).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(zhm_buf.len(), 88);
+
+    let zhm: zerovec::ZeroMap<[u8], u8> = litemap.iter().map(|(a, b)| (*a, *b as u8)).collect();
+    let zhm_buf = postcard::to_allocvec(&zhm).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(zhm_buf.len(), 61);
+
+    let zhm: zerovec::ZeroHashMap<[u8], u32> =
+        litemap.iter().map(|(a, b)| (*a, *b as u32)).collect();
+    let zhm_buf = postcard::to_allocvec(&zhm).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(zhm_buf.len(), 161);
+
+    let zhm: zerovec::ZeroHashMap<[u8], u8> = litemap.iter().map(|(a, b)| (*a, *b as u8)).collect();
+    let zhm_buf = postcard::to_allocvec(&zhm).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(zhm_buf.len(), 134);
+}
+
+macro_rules! utf8_byte {
+    ($ch:expr, $i:literal) => {{
+        let mut utf8_encoder_buf = [0u8; 4];
+        $ch.encode_utf8(&mut utf8_encoder_buf);
+        utf8_encoder_buf[$i]
+    }};
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_non_ascii() {
+    let litemap: LiteMap<&[u8], usize> = [
+        ("".as_bytes(), 0),
+        ("axb".as_bytes(), 100),
+        ("ayc".as_bytes(), 2),
+        ("azd".as_bytes(), 3),
+        ("bxe".as_bytes(), 4),
+        ("bxefg".as_bytes(), 500),
+        ("bxefh".as_bytes(), 6),
+        ("bxei".as_bytes(), 7),
+        ("bxeikl".as_bytes(), 8),
+        ("bxeiklmΚαλημέρααα".as_bytes(), 9),
+        ("bxeiklmαnλo".as_bytes(), 10),
+        ("bxeiklmη".as_bytes(), 11),
+    ]
+    .into_iter()
+    .collect();
+
+    #[rustfmt::skip]
+    let expected_bytes = &[
+        0b10000000, // value 0
+        0b11000010, // branch of 2
+        b'a',       //
+        b'b',       //
+        13,         //
+        0b11000011, // start of 'a' subtree: branch of 3
+        b'x',       //
+        b'y',       //
+        b'z',       //
+        3,          //
+        5,          //
+        b'b',       //
+        0b10010000, // value 100 (lead)
+        0x54,       // value 100 (trail)
+        b'c',       //
+        0b10000010, // value 2
+        b'd',       //
+        0b10000011, // value 3
+        b'x',       // start of 'b' subtree
+        b'e',       //
+        0b10000100, // value 4
+        0b11000010, // branch of 2
+        b'f',       //
+        b'i',       //
+        7,          //
+        0b11000010, // branch of 2
+        b'g',       //
+        b'h',       //
+        2,          //
+        0b10010011, // value 500 (lead)
+        0x64,       // value 500 (trail)
+        0b10000110, // value 6
+        0b10000111, // value 7
+        b'k',       //
+        b'l',       //
+        0b10001000, // value 8
+        b'm',       //
+        0b10100001, // span of length 1
+        utf8_byte!('Κ', 0), // NOTE: all three letters have the same lead byte
+        0b11000011, // branch of 3
+        utf8_byte!('Κ', 1),
+        utf8_byte!('α', 1),
+        utf8_byte!('η', 1),
+        21,
+        27,
+        0b10110000, // span of length 18 (lead)
+        0b00000010, // span of length 18 (trail)
+        utf8_byte!('α', 0),
+        utf8_byte!('α', 1),
+        utf8_byte!('λ', 0),
+        utf8_byte!('λ', 1),
+        utf8_byte!('η', 0),
+        utf8_byte!('η', 1),
+        utf8_byte!('μ', 0),
+        utf8_byte!('μ', 1),
+        utf8_byte!('έ', 0),
+        utf8_byte!('έ', 1),
+        utf8_byte!('ρ', 0),
+        utf8_byte!('ρ', 1),
+        utf8_byte!('α', 0),
+        utf8_byte!('α', 1),
+        utf8_byte!('α', 0),
+        utf8_byte!('α', 1),
+        utf8_byte!('α', 0),
+        utf8_byte!('α', 1),
+        0b10001001, // value 9
+        b'n',
+        0b10100010, // span of length 2
+        utf8_byte!('λ', 0),
+        utf8_byte!('λ', 1),
+        b'o',
+        0b10001010, // value 10
+        0b10001011, // value 11
+    ];
+    let trie_phf = ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from(&litemap).unwrap();
+    assert_bytes_eq!(73, trie_phf.as_bytes(), expected_bytes);
+    check_phf_bytes_trie(&litemap, &trie_phf);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_max_branch() {
+    // Evaluate a branch with all 256 possible children
+    let mut litemap: LiteMap<&[u8], usize> = LiteMap::new_vec();
+    let all_bytes: Vec<u8> = (u8::MIN..=u8::MAX).collect();
+    assert_eq!(all_bytes.len(), 256);
+    let all_bytes_prefixed: Vec<[u8; 2]> = (u8::MIN..=u8::MAX).map(|x| [b'\0', x]).collect();
+    for b in all_bytes.iter() {
+        litemap.insert(core::slice::from_ref(b), *b as usize);
+    }
+    for s in all_bytes_prefixed.iter() {
+        litemap.insert(s, s[1] as usize);
+    }
+    let trie_phf = ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from(&litemap).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(trie_phf.byte_len(), 3042);
+    check_phf_bytes_trie(&litemap, &trie_phf);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_short_subtags_10pct() {
+    let litemap = strings_to_litemap(testdata::short_subtags_10pct::STRINGS);
+
+    let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from(&litemap).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(trie.byte_len(), 1050);
+    check_simple_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie);
+
+    let litemap_bytes = litemap.to_borrowed_keys::<[u8], Vec<_>>();
+    let trie_phf = ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from(&litemap_bytes).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(trie_phf.byte_len(), 1100);
+    check_phf_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie_phf);
+
+    let zhm: zerovec::ZeroMap<[u8], u32> = litemap.iter().map(|(a, b)| (*a, *b as u32)).collect();
+    let zhm_buf = postcard::to_allocvec(&zhm).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(zhm_buf.len(), 1890);
+
+    let zhm: zerovec::ZeroMap<[u8], u8> = litemap.iter().map(|(a, b)| (*a, *b as u8)).collect();
+    let zhm_buf = postcard::to_allocvec(&zhm).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(zhm_buf.len(), 1326);
+
+    let zhm: zerovec::ZeroHashMap<[u8], u32> =
+        litemap.iter().map(|(a, b)| (*a, *b as u32)).collect();
+    let zhm_buf = postcard::to_allocvec(&zhm).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(zhm_buf.len(), 3396);
+
+    let zhm: zerovec::ZeroHashMap<[u8], u8> = litemap.iter().map(|(a, b)| (*a, *b as u8)).collect();
+    let zhm_buf = postcard::to_allocvec(&zhm).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(zhm_buf.len(), 2832);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_short_subtags() {
+    let litemap = strings_to_litemap(testdata::short_subtags::STRINGS);
+
+    let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from(&litemap).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(trie.byte_len(), 8793);
+    check_simple_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie);
+
+    let litemap_bytes = litemap.to_borrowed_keys::<[u8], Vec<_>>();
+    let trie_phf = ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from(&litemap_bytes).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(trie_phf.byte_len(), 9400);
+    check_phf_ascii_trie(&litemap, &trie_phf);
+
+    let zm: zerovec::ZeroMap<[u8], u32> = litemap.iter().map(|(a, b)| (*a, *b as u32)).collect();
+    let zhm_buf = postcard::to_allocvec(&zm).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(zhm_buf.len(), 18931);
+
+    let zm: zerovec::ZeroMap<[u8], u8> = litemap.iter().map(|(a, b)| (*a, *b as u8)).collect();
+    let zhm_buf = postcard::to_allocvec(&zm).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(zhm_buf.len(), 13300);
+
+    let zhm: zerovec::ZeroHashMap<[u8], u32> =
+        litemap.iter().map(|(a, b)| (*a, *b as u32)).collect();
+    let zhm_buf = postcard::to_allocvec(&zhm).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(zhm_buf.len(), 33949);
+
+    let zhm: zerovec::ZeroHashMap<[u8], u8> = litemap.iter().map(|(a, b)| (*a, *b as u8)).collect();
+    let zhm_buf = postcard::to_allocvec(&zhm).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(zhm_buf.len(), 28318);
+}

vendor/zerotrie/tests/derive_test.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+#![allow(non_camel_case_types, non_snake_case)]
+
+use zerotrie::ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie;
+use zerotrie::ZeroTrie;
+use zerotrie::ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity;
+use zerotrie::ZeroTriePerfectHash;
+use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+use zerovec::ZeroVec;
+
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "yoke", derive(yoke::Yokeable))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "zerofrom", derive(zerofrom::ZeroFrom))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "databake", derive(databake::Bake))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "databake", databake(path = crate))]
+struct DeriveTest_ZeroTrie_ZeroVec<'data> {
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", serde(borrow))]
+    pub _data: ZeroTrie<ZeroVec<'data, u8>>,
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(all(feature = "databake", feature = "alloc"))]
+fn bake_ZeroTrie_ZeroVec() {
+    use databake::*;
+    extern crate std;
+    test_bake!(
+        DeriveTest_ZeroTrie_ZeroVec<'static>,
+        crate::DeriveTest_ZeroTrie_ZeroVec {
+            _data: zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii {
+                store: zerovec::ZeroVec::new(),
+            }
+            .into_zerotrie()
+        },
+    );
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "yoke", derive(yoke::Yokeable))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "zerofrom", derive(zerofrom::ZeroFrom))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "databake", derive(databake::Bake))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "databake", databake(path = crate))]
+struct DeriveTest_ZeroTrieSimpleAscii_ZeroVec<'data> {
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", serde(borrow))]
+    pub _data: ZeroTrieSimpleAscii<ZeroVec<'data, u8>>,
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(all(feature = "databake", feature = "alloc"))]
+fn bake_ZeroTrieSimpleAscii_ZeroVec() {
+    use databake::*;
+    extern crate std;
+    test_bake!(
+        DeriveTest_ZeroTrieSimpleAscii_ZeroVec<'static>,
+        crate::DeriveTest_ZeroTrieSimpleAscii_ZeroVec {
+            _data: zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii {
+                store: zerovec::ZeroVec::new(),
+            }
+        },
+    );
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "yoke", derive(yoke::Yokeable))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "zerofrom", derive(zerofrom::ZeroFrom))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "databake", derive(databake::Bake))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "databake", databake(path = crate))]
+struct DeriveTest_ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie_ZeroVec<'data> {
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", serde(borrow))]
+    pub _data: ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie<ZeroVec<'data, u8>>,
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(all(feature = "databake", feature = "alloc"))]
+fn bake_ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie_ZeroVec() {
+    use databake::*;
+    extern crate std;
+    test_bake!(
+        DeriveTest_ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie_ZeroVec<'static>,
+        crate::DeriveTest_ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie_ZeroVec {
+            _data: zerotrie::ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie {
+                store: zerovec::ZeroVec::new(),
+            }
+        },
+    );
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "yoke", derive(yoke::Yokeable))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "zerofrom", derive(zerofrom::ZeroFrom))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "databake", derive(databake::Bake))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "databake", databake(path = crate))]
+struct DeriveTest_ZeroTriePerfectHash_ZeroVec<'data> {
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", serde(borrow))]
+    pub _data: ZeroTriePerfectHash<ZeroVec<'data, u8>>,
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(all(feature = "databake", feature = "alloc"))]
+fn bake_ZeroTriePerfectHash_ZeroVec() {
+    use databake::*;
+    extern crate std;
+    test_bake!(
+        DeriveTest_ZeroTriePerfectHash_ZeroVec<'static>,
+        crate::DeriveTest_ZeroTriePerfectHash_ZeroVec {
+            _data: zerotrie::ZeroTriePerfectHash {
+                store: zerovec::ZeroVec::new(),
+            }
+        },
+    );
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "yoke", derive(yoke::Yokeable))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "zerofrom", derive(zerofrom::ZeroFrom))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Deserialize, serde::Serialize))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "databake", derive(databake::Bake))]
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "databake", databake(path = crate))]
+struct DeriveTest_ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity_ZeroVec<'data> {
+    #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", serde(borrow))]
+    pub _data: ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity<ZeroVec<'data, u8>>,
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(all(feature = "databake", feature = "alloc"))]
+fn bake_ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity_ZeroVec() {
+    use databake::*;
+    extern crate std;
+    test_bake!(
+        DeriveTest_ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity_ZeroVec<'static>,
+        crate::DeriveTest_ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity_ZeroVec {
+            _data: zerotrie::ZeroTrieExtendedCapacity {
+                store: zerovec::ZeroVec::new(),
+            }
+        },
+    );
+}

vendor/zerotrie/tests/ignorecase_test.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+use zerotrie::ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie;
+
+mod testdata {
+    include!("data/data.rs");
+}
+
+use testdata::strings_to_litemap;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_ignore_case_coverage() {
+    let litemap = strings_to_litemap(&["", "aBc", "aBcD", "aBce", "aBcF", "aBcghi"]);
+
+    // Test both construction paths
+    ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie::try_from(&litemap).unwrap();
+    let trie = litemap
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(k, v)| (*k, *v))
+        .collect::<ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie<Vec<u8>>>();
+
+    // Test lookup
+    for (k, v) in litemap.iter() {
+        assert_eq!(trie.get(k), Some(*v), "normal: {k:?}");
+        let k_upper = k
+            .iter()
+            .map(|c| c.to_ascii_uppercase())
+            .collect::<Vec<u8>>();
+        assert_eq!(trie.get(k_upper), Some(*v), "upper: {k:?}");
+        let k_lower = k
+            .iter()
+            .map(|c| c.to_ascii_lowercase())
+            .collect::<Vec<u8>>();
+        assert_eq!(trie.get(k_lower), Some(*v), "lower: {k:?}");
+    }
+
+    // Test mixed-case strings
+    let problematic_strs = &["A", "ab", "abc", "aBcd", "aBcgHi"];
+    for problematic_str in problematic_strs {
+        let mut litemap = litemap.clone();
+        litemap.insert(problematic_str.as_bytes(), 100);
+        ZeroAsciiIgnoreCaseTrie::try_from(&litemap).expect_err(problematic_str);
+    }
+}

vendor/zerotrie/tests/locale_aux_test.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+// This file is part of ICU4X. For terms of use, please see the file
+// called LICENSE at the top level of the ICU4X source tree
+// (online at: https://github.com/unicode-org/icu4x/blob/main/LICENSE ).
+
+use icu_locale_core::extensions::private::Private;
+use icu_locale_core::Locale;
+use litemap::LiteMap;
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use writeable::Writeable;
+use zerotrie::ZeroTriePerfectHash;
+use zerotrie::ZeroTrieSimpleAscii;
+use zerovec::VarZeroVec;
+
+mod testdata {
+    include!("data/data.rs");
+}
+
+use testdata::locales_with_aux::{NUM_UNIQUE_BLOBS, STRINGS};
+use testdata::strings_to_litemap;
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
+fn test_combined() {
+    let litemap = strings_to_litemap(STRINGS);
+
+    let vzv: VarZeroVec<str> = STRINGS.into();
+
+    // Lookup table size:
+    assert_eq!(vzv.as_bytes().len(), 10219);
+
+    // Size including pointer array:
+    assert_eq!(
+        vzv.as_bytes().len() + STRINGS.len() * core::mem::size_of::<usize>(),
+        18635
+    );
+
+    let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from(&litemap).unwrap();
+
+    // Lookup table size:
+    assert_eq!(trie.byte_len(), 5104);
+
+    // Size including pointer array:
+    assert_eq!(
+        trie.byte_len() + NUM_UNIQUE_BLOBS * core::mem::size_of::<usize>(),
+        8392
+    );
+
+    let trie = ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from(&litemap).unwrap();
+
+    // Lookup table size:
+    assert_eq!(trie.byte_len(), 5157);
+
+    // Size including pointer array:
+    assert_eq!(
+        trie.byte_len() + NUM_UNIQUE_BLOBS * core::mem::size_of::<usize>(),
+        8445
+    );
+
+    let total_str_len = litemap.keys().map(|k| k.len()).sum::<usize>();
+    assert_eq!(total_str_len, 8115);
+
+    // Lookup table size:
+    assert_eq!(
+        total_str_len + STRINGS.len() * core::mem::size_of::<usize>(),
+        16531
+    );
+
+    // Size including pointer array: (2x for the lookup array and value array)
+    assert_eq!(
+        total_str_len + 2 * STRINGS.len() * core::mem::size_of::<usize>(),
+        24947
+    );
+
+    // Size including u16 pointer array:
+    assert_eq!(
+        total_str_len
+            + STRINGS.len() * core::mem::size_of::<usize>()
+            + STRINGS.len() * core::mem::size_of::<u16>()
+            + NUM_UNIQUE_BLOBS * core::mem::size_of::<usize>(),
+        21923
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
+fn test_aux_split() {
+    let locales: Vec<Locale> = STRINGS.iter().map(|s| s.parse().unwrap()).collect();
+
+    let aux_keys: BTreeSet<&Private> = locales.iter().map(|l| &l.extensions.private).collect();
+    assert_eq!(aux_keys.len(), 6);
+
+    let mut cumulative_index = 0;
+    let mut total_simpleascii_len = 0;
+    let mut total_perfecthash_len = 0;
+    let mut total_vzv_len = 0;
+    let mut unique_locales = BTreeSet::new();
+    for private in aux_keys.iter() {
+        let current_locales: Vec<Locale> = locales
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|l| l.extensions.private == **private)
+            .map(|l| {
+                let mut l = l.clone();
+                l.extensions.private = Private::default();
+                l
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let litemap: LiteMap<Vec<u8>, usize> = current_locales
+            .iter()
+            .map(|l| {
+                (l.write_to_string().into_owned().into_bytes(), {
+                    cumulative_index += 1;
+                    cumulative_index - 1
+                })
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        let trie = ZeroTrieSimpleAscii::try_from(&litemap).unwrap();
+        total_simpleascii_len += trie.byte_len();
+
+        let trie = ZeroTriePerfectHash::try_from(&litemap).unwrap();
+        total_perfecthash_len += trie.byte_len();
+
+        for k in litemap.keys() {
+            unique_locales.insert(k.clone());
+        }
+
+        let strs: Vec<String> = current_locales
+            .iter()
+            .map(|l| l.write_to_string().into_owned())
+            .collect();
+        let vzv: VarZeroVec<str> = strs.as_slice().into();
+        total_vzv_len += vzv.as_bytes().len();
+    }
+    assert_eq!(cumulative_index, locales.len());
+
+    assert_eq!(total_simpleascii_len, 5098);
+    assert_eq!(total_perfecthash_len, 5302);
+    assert_eq!(total_vzv_len, 5486);
+
+    let total_unique_locale_str_len = unique_locales.iter().map(|v| v.len()).sum::<usize>();
+    assert_eq!(total_unique_locale_str_len, 945);
+
+    // Size including pointer array:
+    assert_eq!(
+        total_simpleascii_len + NUM_UNIQUE_BLOBS * core::mem::size_of::<usize>(),
+        8386
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        total_perfecthash_len + NUM_UNIQUE_BLOBS * core::mem::size_of::<usize>(),
+        8590
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        total_vzv_len + STRINGS.len() * core::mem::size_of::<usize>(),
+        13902
+    );
+    // 2x for the lookup arrays and value arrays
+    assert_eq!(
+        total_unique_locale_str_len + 2 * STRINGS.len() * core::mem::size_of::<usize>(),
+        17777
+    );
+
+    // Size including u16 pointer array:
+    assert_eq!(
+        total_unique_locale_str_len
+            + STRINGS.len() * core::mem::size_of::<usize>()
+            + STRINGS.len() * core::mem::size_of::<u16>()
+            + NUM_UNIQUE_BLOBS * core::mem::size_of::<usize>(),
+        14753
+    );
+}