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<main>
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<h1 id="decorators"><a class="header" href="#decorators">Decorators</a></h1>
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<p>Decorators are special nodes that wrap a single child and modify its execution behavior. They enable timing control, retry logic, conditional execution, and result inversion without modifying the child node itself.</p>
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<h2 id="what-are-decorators"><a class="header" href="#what-are-decorators">What Are Decorators?</a></h2>
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<p>Decorators sit between a parent and child node, transforming the child’s behavior:</p>
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<pre><code>Parent
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└─ Decorator
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└─ Child
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</code></pre>
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<p>The decorator intercepts the child’s execution, potentially:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Repeating it multiple times</li>
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<li>Timing it out</li>
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<li>Inverting its result</li>
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<li>Guarding its execution</li>
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<li>Forcing a specific result</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="decorator-types"><a class="header" href="#decorator-types">Decorator Types</a></h2>
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<p>Storybook provides 10 decorator types:</p>
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<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Decorator</th><th>Purpose</th><th>Example</th></tr></thead><tbody>
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<tr><td><code>repeat</code></td><td>Loop infinitely</td><td><code>repeat { Patrol }</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>repeat(N)</code></td><td>Loop N times</td><td><code>repeat(3) { Check }</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>repeat(min..max)</code></td><td>Loop min to max times</td><td><code>repeat(2..5) { Search }</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>invert</code></td><td>Flip success/failure</td><td><code>invert { IsEnemy }</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>retry(N)</code></td><td>Retry on failure (max N times)</td><td><code>retry(5) { Open }</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>timeout(duration)</code></td><td>Fail after duration</td><td><code>timeout(10s) { Solve }</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>cooldown(duration)</code></td><td>Run at most once per duration</td><td><code>cooldown(30s) { Fire }</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>if(condition)</code></td><td>Only run if condition true</td><td><code>if(health > 50) { Attack }</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>succeed_always</code></td><td>Always return success</td><td><code>succeed_always { Try }</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td><code>fail_always</code></td><td>Always return failure</td><td><code>fail_always { Test }</code></td></tr>
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</tbody></table>
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</div>
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<h2 id="syntax"><a class="header" href="#syntax">Syntax</a></h2>
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<pre><code class="language-bnf"><decorator> ::= <repeat-decorator>
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| <invert-decorator>
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| <retry-decorator>
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| <timeout-decorator>
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| <cooldown-decorator>
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| <if-decorator>
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| <force-result-decorator>
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<repeat-decorator> ::= "repeat" <repeat-spec>? "{" <behavior-node> "}"
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<repeat-spec> ::= "(" <number> ")"
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| "(" <number> ".." <number> ")"
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<invert-decorator> ::= "invert" "{" <behavior-node> "}"
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<retry-decorator> ::= "retry" "(" <number> ")" "{" <behavior-node> "}"
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<timeout-decorator> ::= "timeout" "(" <duration-literal> ")" "{" <behavior-node> "}"
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<cooldown-decorator> ::= "cooldown" "(" <duration-literal> ")" "{" <behavior-node> "}"
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<if-decorator> ::= "if" "(" <expression> ")" "{" <behavior-node> "}"
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<force-result-decorator> ::= ("succeed_always" | "fail_always") "{" <behavior-node> "}"
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<duration-literal> ::= <number> ("s" | "m" | "h" | "d")
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</code></pre>
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<h2 id="repeat-decorators"><a class="header" href="#repeat-decorators">Repeat Decorators</a></h2>
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<h3 id="infinite-repeat-repeat"><a class="header" href="#infinite-repeat-repeat">Infinite Repeat: <code>repeat</code></a></h3>
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<p>Loops the child infinitely. The child is re-executed immediately after completing (success or failure).</p>
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<pre><code class="language-storybook">behavior InfinitePatrol {
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repeat {
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PatrolRoute
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}
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p><strong>Execution:</strong></p>
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<ol>
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<li>Run child</li>
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<li>Child completes (success or failure)</li>
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<li>Immediately run child again</li>
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<li>Go to step 2 (forever)</li>
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</ol>
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<p><strong>Use cases:</strong></p>
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<ul>
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<li>Perpetual patrols</li>
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<li>Endless background processes</li>
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<li>Continuous monitoring</li>
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</ul>
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<p><strong>Warning:</strong> Infinite loops never return to parent. Ensure they’re appropriate for your use case.</p>
|
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<h3 id="repeat-n-times-repeat-n"><a class="header" href="#repeat-n-times-repeat-n">Repeat N Times: <code>repeat N</code></a></h3>
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<p>Repeats the child exactly N times, then returns success.</p>
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<pre><code class="language-storybook">behavior CheckThreeTimes {
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repeat(3) {
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CheckDoor
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}
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p><strong>Execution:</strong></p>
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<ol>
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<li>Counter = 0</li>
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<li>Run child</li>
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<li>Counter++</li>
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<li>If counter < N, go to step 2</li>
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<li>Return success</li>
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</ol>
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<p><strong>Use cases:</strong></p>
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<ul>
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<li>Fixed iteration counts</li>
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<li>“Try three times then give up”</li>
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<li>Deterministic looping</li>
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</ul>
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<h3 id="repeat-range-repeat-minmax"><a class="header" href="#repeat-range-repeat-minmax">Repeat Range: <code>repeat min..max</code></a></h3>
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<p>Repeats the child between min and max times. At runtime, a specific count is selected within the range.</p>
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<pre><code class="language-storybook">behavior SearchRandomly {
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repeat(2..5) {
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SearchArea
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}
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p><strong>Execution:</strong></p>
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<ol>
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<li>Select count C randomly from [min, max]</li>
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<li>Repeat child C times (as in <code>repeat N</code>)</li>
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</ol>
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<p><strong>Use cases:</strong></p>
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<ul>
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<li>Variable behavior</li>
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<li>Procedural variation</li>
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<li>Non-deterministic actions</li>
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</ul>
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<p><strong>Validation:</strong></p>
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<ul>
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|||
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<li>min ≥ 0</li>
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<li>max ≥ min</li>
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<li>Both must be integers</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="invert-decorator"><a class="header" href="#invert-decorator">Invert Decorator</a></h2>
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<p>Inverts the child’s return value: success becomes failure, failure becomes success.</p>
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|||
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<pre><code class="language-storybook">behavior AvoidEnemies {
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invert {
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IsEnemyNearby // Success if NOT nearby
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}
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p><strong>Truth table:</strong></p>
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|||
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<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Child returns</th><th>Decorator returns</th></tr></thead><tbody>
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<tr><td>Success</td><td>Failure</td></tr>
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<tr><td>Failure</td><td>Success</td></tr>
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<tr><td>Running</td><td>Running (unchanged)</td></tr>
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</tbody></table>
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|||
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</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Use cases:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Negating conditions (“if NOT X”)</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Inverting success criteria</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Converting “found” to “not found”</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">behavior SafeExploration {
|
|||
|
|
choose safe_actions {
|
|||
|
|
// Only explore if NOT dangerous
|
|||
|
|
then explore {
|
|||
|
|
invert { IsDangerous }
|
|||
|
|
ExploreArea
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
// Default: Stay put
|
|||
|
|
Wait
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<h2 id="retry-decorator"><a class="header" href="#retry-decorator">Retry Decorator</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Retries the child up to N times on failure. Returns success if any attempt succeeds, failure if all N attempts fail.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">behavior PersistentDoor {
|
|||
|
|
retry(5) {
|
|||
|
|
OpenLockedDoor
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Execution:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<ol>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Attempts = 0</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Run child</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>If child succeeds → return success</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>If child fails:
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Attempts++</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>If attempts < N, go to step 2</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Else return failure</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ol>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Use cases:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Unreliable actions (lockpicking, persuasion)</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Network/resource operations</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Probabilistic success</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Example with context:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">behavior Thief_PickLock {
|
|||
|
|
then attempt_entry {
|
|||
|
|
// Try to pick lock (may fail)
|
|||
|
|
retry(3) {
|
|||
|
|
PickLock
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
// If succeeded, enter
|
|||
|
|
EnterBuilding
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
// If failed after 3 tries, give up
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Validation:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li>N must be ≥ 1</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<h2 id="timeout-decorator"><a class="header" href="#timeout-decorator">Timeout Decorator</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Fails the child if it doesn’t complete within the specified duration.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">behavior TimeLimitedPuzzle {
|
|||
|
|
timeout(30s) {
|
|||
|
|
SolvePuzzle
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Execution:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<ol>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Start timer</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Run child each tick</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>If child completes before timeout → return child’s result</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>If timer expires → return failure (interrupt child)</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ol>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Use cases:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Time-limited actions</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Preventing infinite loops</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Enforcing deadlines</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Duration formats:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li><code>5s</code> - 5 seconds</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><code>10m</code> - 10 minutes</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><code>2h</code> - 2 hours</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><code>3d</code> - 3 days</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">behavior QuickDecision {
|
|||
|
|
choose timed_choice {
|
|||
|
|
// Give AI 5 seconds to find optimal move
|
|||
|
|
timeout(5s) {
|
|||
|
|
CalculateOptimalStrategy
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
// Fallback: Use simple heuristic
|
|||
|
|
UseQuickHeuristic
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Notes:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Timer starts when decorator is first entered</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Timer resets if decorator exits and re-enters</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Child node should handle interruption gracefully</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<h2 id="cooldown-decorator"><a class="header" href="#cooldown-decorator">Cooldown Decorator</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Prevents the child from running more than once per cooldown period. Fails immediately if called within cooldown.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">behavior SpecialAbility {
|
|||
|
|
cooldown(30s) {
|
|||
|
|
FireCannon
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Execution:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<ol>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Check last execution time</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>If (current_time - last_time) < cooldown → return failure</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Else:
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Run child</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Record current_time as last_time</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Return child’s result</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ol>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Use cases:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Rate-limiting abilities</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Resource cooldowns (spells, items)</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Preventing spam</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">behavior Mage_SpellCasting {
|
|||
|
|
choose spells {
|
|||
|
|
// Fireball: 10 second cooldown
|
|||
|
|
cooldown(10s) {
|
|||
|
|
CastFireball
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
// Lightning: 5 second cooldown
|
|||
|
|
cooldown(5s) {
|
|||
|
|
CastLightning
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
// Basic attack: No cooldown
|
|||
|
|
MeleeAttack
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>State management:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Cooldown state persists across behavior tree ticks</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Each cooldown decorator instance has independent state</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Cooldown timers are per-entity (not global)</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<h2 id="if-decorator"><a class="header" href="#if-decorator">If Decorator</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Only runs the child if the condition is true. Fails immediately if condition is false.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">behavior ConditionalAttack {
|
|||
|
|
if(health > 50) {
|
|||
|
|
AggressiveAttack
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Execution:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<ol>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Evaluate condition expression</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>If true → run child and return its result</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>If false → return failure (do not run child)</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ol>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Use cases:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Preconditions (“only if X”)</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Resource checks (“only if have mana”)</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Safety checks (“only if safe”)</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Expression syntax:</strong>
|
|||
|
|
See <a href="./17-expressions.html">Expression Language</a> for complete syntax.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">behavior GuardedActions {
|
|||
|
|
choose options {
|
|||
|
|
// Only attack if have weapon and enemy close
|
|||
|
|
if(has_weapon and distance < 10) {
|
|||
|
|
Attack
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
// Only heal if health below 50%
|
|||
|
|
if(health < (max_health * 0.5)) {
|
|||
|
|
Heal
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
// Only flee if outnumbered
|
|||
|
|
if(enemy_count > ally_count) {
|
|||
|
|
Flee
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Comparison with bare <code>if</code> conditions:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">// Using bare 'if' condition (checks every tick, no body)
|
|||
|
|
then approach_and_attack {
|
|||
|
|
if(enemy_nearby)
|
|||
|
|
Approach
|
|||
|
|
Attack
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
// Using 'if' decorator with body (precondition check, fails fast)
|
|||
|
|
if(enemy_nearby) {
|
|||
|
|
then do_attack {
|
|||
|
|
Approach
|
|||
|
|
Attack
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The <code>if</code> decorator with a body is more efficient for gating expensive subtrees.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<h2 id="force-result-decorators"><a class="header" href="#force-result-decorators">Force Result Decorators</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<h3 id="succeed_always"><a class="header" href="#succeed_always"><code>succeed_always</code></a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Always returns success, regardless of child’s actual result.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">behavior TryOptionalTask {
|
|||
|
|
succeed_always {
|
|||
|
|
AttemptBonus // Even if fails, we don't care
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Use cases:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Optional tasks that shouldn’t block progress</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Logging/monitoring actions</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Best-effort operations</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">behavior QuestSequence {
|
|||
|
|
then main_quest {
|
|||
|
|
TalkToNPC
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
// Try to find secret, but don't fail quest if not found
|
|||
|
|
succeed_always {
|
|||
|
|
SearchForSecretDoor
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
ReturnToQuestGiver
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<h3 id="fail_always"><a class="header" href="#fail_always"><code>fail_always</code></a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Always returns failure, regardless of child’s actual result.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">behavior TestFailure {
|
|||
|
|
fail_always {
|
|||
|
|
AlwaysSucceedsAction // But we force it to fail
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Use cases:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Testing/debugging</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Forcing alternative paths</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Disabling branches temporarily</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Example:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">behavior UnderConstruction {
|
|||
|
|
choose abilities {
|
|||
|
|
// Temporarily disabled feature
|
|||
|
|
fail_always {
|
|||
|
|
NewExperimentalAbility
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
// Fallback to old ability
|
|||
|
|
ClassicAbility
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<h2 id="combining-decorators"><a class="header" href="#combining-decorators">Combining Decorators</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Decorators can nest to create complex behaviors:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">behavior ComplexPattern {
|
|||
|
|
// Repeat 3 times, each with 10 second timeout
|
|||
|
|
repeat(3) {
|
|||
|
|
timeout(10s) {
|
|||
|
|
SolveSubproblem
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>More complex nesting:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">behavior ResilientAction {
|
|||
|
|
// If: Only if health > 30
|
|||
|
|
if(health > 30) {
|
|||
|
|
// Timeout: Must complete in 20 seconds
|
|||
|
|
timeout(20s) {
|
|||
|
|
// Retry: Try up to 5 times
|
|||
|
|
retry(5) {
|
|||
|
|
// Cooldown: Can only run once per minute
|
|||
|
|
cooldown(1m) {
|
|||
|
|
PerformComplexAction
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Execution order:</strong> Outside → Inside</p>
|
|||
|
|
<ol>
|
|||
|
|
<li>If checks condition</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Timeout starts timer</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Retry begins first attempt</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Cooldown checks last execution time</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Child action runs</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ol>
|
|||
|
|
<h2 id="duration-syntax"><a class="header" href="#duration-syntax">Duration Syntax</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Timeout and cooldown decorators use duration literals:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-bnf"><duration-literal> ::= <number> <unit>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<unit> ::= "s" // seconds
|
|||
|
|
| "m" // minutes
|
|||
|
|
| "h" // hours
|
|||
|
|
| "d" // days
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<number> ::= <digit>+
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li><code>5s</code> - 5 seconds</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><code>30s</code> - 30 seconds</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><code>2m</code> - 2 minutes</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><code>10m</code> - 10 minutes</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><code>1h</code> - 1 hour</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><code>24h</code> - 24 hours</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><code>7d</code> - 7 days</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Validation:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li>Number must be positive integer</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>No compound durations (use <code>120s</code> not <code>2m</code> if runtime expects seconds)</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li>No fractional units (<code>1.5m</code> not allowed; use <code>90s</code>)</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<h2 id="comparison-table"><a class="header" href="#comparison-table">Comparison Table</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<div class="table-wrapper"><table><thead><tr><th>Decorator</th><th>Affects Success</th><th>Affects Failure</th><th>Affects Running</th><th>Stateful</th></tr></thead><tbody>
|
|||
|
|
<tr><td><code>repeat</code></td><td>Repeat</td><td>Repeat</td><td>Wait</td><td>Yes (counter)</td></tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr><td><code>repeat N</code></td><td>Repeat</td><td>Repeat</td><td>Wait</td><td>Yes (counter)</td></tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr><td><code>repeat min..max</code></td><td>Repeat</td><td>Repeat</td><td>Wait</td><td>Yes (counter)</td></tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr><td><code>invert</code></td><td>→ Failure</td><td>→ Success</td><td>Unchanged</td><td>No</td></tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr><td><code>retry N</code></td><td>→ Success</td><td>Retry or fail</td><td>Wait</td><td>Yes (attempts)</td></tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr><td><code>timeout dur</code></td><td>→ Success</td><td>→ Success</td><td>→ Failure if expired</td><td>Yes (timer)</td></tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr><td><code>cooldown dur</code></td><td>→ Success</td><td>→ Success</td><td>→ Success</td><td>Yes (last time)</td></tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr><td><code>if(expr)</code></td><td>→ Success</td><td>→ Success</td><td>→ Success</td><td>No</td></tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr><td><code>succeed_always</code></td><td>→ Success</td><td>→ Success</td><td>→ Success</td><td>No</td></tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr><td><code>fail_always</code></td><td>→ Failure</td><td>→ Failure</td><td>→ Failure</td><td>No</td></tr>
|
|||
|
|
</tbody></table>
|
|||
|
|
</div>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Stateful decorators</strong> maintain state across ticks. <strong>Stateless decorators</strong> evaluate fresh every tick.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<h2 id="validation-rules"><a class="header" href="#validation-rules">Validation Rules</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<ol>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>Child required</strong>: All decorators must have exactly one child node</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>Repeat count</strong>: <code>repeat N</code> requires N ≥ 0</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>Repeat range</strong>: <code>repeat min..max</code> requires 0 ≤ min ≤ max</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>Retry count</strong>: <code>retry N</code> requires N ≥ 1</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>Duration positive</strong>: Timeout/cooldown durations must be > 0</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>Duration format</strong>: Must match <code><number><unit></code> (e.g., <code>10s</code>, <code>5m</code>)</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>Guard expression</strong>: Guard condition must be valid expression</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>No empty decorators</strong>: <code>repeat { }</code> is invalid (missing child)</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ol>
|
|||
|
|
<h2 id="use-cases-by-category"><a class="header" href="#use-cases-by-category">Use Cases by Category</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<h3 id="timing-control"><a class="header" href="#timing-control">Timing Control</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>timeout</strong>: Prevent infinite loops, enforce time limits</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>cooldown</strong>: Rate-limit abilities, prevent spam</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>repeat</strong>: Continuous processes, patrols</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<h3 id="reliability"><a class="header" href="#reliability">Reliability</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>retry</strong>: Handle unreliable actions, probabilistic success</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>if</strong>: Precondition checks, resource validation</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>succeed_always</strong>: Optional tasks, best-effort</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<h3 id="logic-control"><a class="header" href="#logic-control">Logic Control</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>invert</strong>: Negate conditions, flip results</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>fail_always</strong>: Disable branches, testing</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<h3 id="iteration"><a class="header" href="#iteration">Iteration</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>repeat N</strong>: Fixed loops, deterministic behavior</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>repeat min..max</strong>: Variable loops, procedural variation</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<h2 id="best-practices"><a class="header" href="#best-practices">Best Practices</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<h3 id="1-use-guards-for-expensive-checks"><a class="header" href="#1-use-guards-for-expensive-checks">1. Use Guards for Expensive Checks</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Avoid:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">then expensive {
|
|||
|
|
if(complex_condition)
|
|||
|
|
ExpensiveOperation
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Prefer:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">if(complex_condition) {
|
|||
|
|
ExpensiveOperation // Only runs if condition passes
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<h3 id="2-combine-timeout-with-retry"><a class="header" href="#2-combine-timeout-with-retry">2. Combine Timeout with Retry</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Avoid:</strong> Infinite retry loops</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Prefer:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">timeout(30s) {
|
|||
|
|
retry(5) {
|
|||
|
|
UnreliableAction
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<h3 id="3-use-cooldowns-for-rate-limiting"><a class="header" href="#3-use-cooldowns-for-rate-limiting">3. Use Cooldowns for Rate Limiting</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Avoid:</strong> Manual timing in actions</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Prefer:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">cooldown(10s) {
|
|||
|
|
FireCannon
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<h3 id="4-invert-for-readable-conditions"><a class="header" href="#4-invert-for-readable-conditions">4. Invert for Readable Conditions</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Avoid:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">choose options {
|
|||
|
|
then branch_a {
|
|||
|
|
if(not is_dangerous)
|
|||
|
|
Explore
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Prefer:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">choose options {
|
|||
|
|
then branch_a {
|
|||
|
|
invert { IsDangerous }
|
|||
|
|
Explore
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<h3 id="5-succeed_always-for-optional-tasks"><a class="header" href="#5-succeed_always-for-optional-tasks">5. succeed_always for Optional Tasks</a></h3>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Avoid:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">then quest {
|
|||
|
|
MainTask
|
|||
|
|
choose optional {
|
|||
|
|
BonusTask
|
|||
|
|
DoNothing // Awkward fallback
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
NextTask
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p><strong>Prefer:</strong></p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-storybook">then quest {
|
|||
|
|
MainTask
|
|||
|
|
succeed_always { BonusTask } // Try bonus, don't fail quest
|
|||
|
|
NextTask
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<h2 id="cross-references"><a class="header" href="#cross-references">Cross-References</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="./11-behavior-trees.html">Behavior Trees</a> - Using decorators in behavior trees</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="./17-expressions.html">Expression Language</a> - Guard condition syntax</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="./18-value-types.html">Value Types</a> - Duration literals</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><a href="../advanced/20-patterns.html">Design Patterns</a> - Common decorator patterns</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
|||
|
|
<h2 id="related-concepts"><a class="header" href="#related-concepts">Related Concepts</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<ul>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>Composability</strong>: Decorators can nest for complex control flow</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>Separation of concerns</strong>: Decorators handle control flow, children handle logic</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>State management</strong>: Stateful decorators (repeat, retry, timeout, cooldown) persist across ticks</li>
|
|||
|
|
<li><strong>Performance</strong>: Guards prevent unnecessary child execution</li>
|
|||
|
|
</ul>
|
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